Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017

Authors: Christina Fitzmaurice, Degu Abate, Naghmeh Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Omar Abdel‐Rahman, Ahmed Abdelalim, Amir Abdoli, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Abdishakur S. M. Abdulle, Nebiyu Dereje Abebe, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Laith J. Abu‐Raddad, Ahmed Abualhasan, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Shailesh M Advani, Mohsen Afarideh, Mahdi Afshari, Mohammad Aghaali, Dominic Agius, Sutapa Agrawal, Ayat Ahmadi, Elham Ahmadian, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Tomi Akinyemiju, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Assim M. AlAbdulKader, Fares Alahdab, Shazia Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Birhan Alemnew, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Cyrus Alinia, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Fatemeh Allah Bakeshei, Majid A. Almadi, Amir Almasi‐Hashiani, Ubai Alsharif, Shirina Alsowaidi, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Erfan Amini, Saeed Amini, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Zohreh Anbari, Nahla Anber, Cătălina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Fereshteh Ansari, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Morteza Arab‐Zozani, Jalal Arabloo, Zohreh Arefi, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Al Artaman, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Reza Assadi, Bahar Ataeinia, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Zerihun Ataro, Suleman Atique, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Ávila‐Burgos, Euripide Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Henok Tadesse Ayele, Ebrahim Babaee, Umar Bacha, Alaa Badawi, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Eleni Bagli, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Abbas Balouchi, Till Bärnighausen, Robert J. Battista, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Yared Belete Belay, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Kathleen Berfield, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabé, Mircea Beuran, Nickhill Bhakta, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Charles Birungi, Catherine Bisignano, Helen Bitew, Tone Bjørge, Archie Bleyer, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Antonio Maria Borzì, Cristina Bosetti, Ibrahim R. Bou-Orm, Hermann Brenner, Jerry D. Brewer, Andrey Briko, Н. И. Брико, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Zahid A Butt, Giulia Carreras, Juan Jesús Carrero, Félix Carvalho, Clara Castro, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Neelima Singh Chauhan, Mohammad Chehrazi, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu, Onyema Greg Chido‐Amajuoyi, Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Dinh‐Toi Chu, María Magdalena Constantin, Vera Marisa Costa, Emanuele Crocetti, Christopher S. Crowe, María Paula Curado, Saad M A Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, José das Neves, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Asmamaw Demis, Birhanu Wondimeneh Demissie, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez, Afshin Derakhshani, Kalkidan Solomon Deribe, Rupak Desai, Beruk Berhanu Desalegn, Melaku Desta, Subhojit Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Daniel Díaz, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Shirin Djalalinia, David Teye Doku, Thomas M Drake, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Andem Effiong, Aziz Eftekhari, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Ziad El‐Khatib, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Hajer Elkout, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Aisha Elsharkawy, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Daniel Adane Endalew, Aman Yesuf Endries, Babak Eshrati, Ibtihal Fadhil, Vahid Fallah Omrani, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi, Andrea Farioli, Farshad Farzadfar, Netsanet Fentahun, Eduarda Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, James L. Fisher, Lisa M Force, Masoud Foroutan, Marisa Freitas, Takeshi Fukumoto, Neal D. Futran, Silvano Gallus, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Getnet Gedefaw, Belayneh K. Gelaw, Birhanu Geta, Sefonias Getachew, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mansour Ghafourifard, Alireza Ghajar, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Asadollah Gholamian, Paramjit Gill, Themba G. Ginindza, Alem Girmay, Muluken Gizaw, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Gorini, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Ayman Grada, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Prakash C. Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Kishor Hadkhale, Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian, Arya Haj‐Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore, Josep María Haro, Milad Hasankhani, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Roderick J. Hay, Simon I Hay, Andualem Henok, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herţeliu, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Chi Linh Hoang, Michael K. Hole, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, Hung Chak Ho, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Bogdan Vasile Ileanu, Milena Ilić, Kaire Innos, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Kufre Robert Iseh, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Nader Jafari Balalami, Morteza Jafarinia, Leila Jahangiry, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljević, Spencer L James, Mehdi Javanbakht, Sudha Jayaraman, Sun Ha Jee, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Jost B Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Tamás Joó, Suresh Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Farin Kamangar, André Karch, Narges Karimi, Ansar Karimian, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Belete Kassa, Tesfaye Kassa, Mesfin Wudu Kassaw, Anil Kaul, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Amene Abebe Kerbo, Yousef Khader, Maryam Khalilarjmandi, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Khaled Khatab, Amir M Khater, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Maryam Khazaee-Pool, Salman Khazaei, Abdullah T Khoja, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Neda Kianipour, Daniel Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kısa, Sezer Kısa, Katarzyna Kissimova‐Skarbek, Hamidreza Komaki, Ai Koyanagi, Kristopher J Krohn, Burcu Küçük Biçer, Nuworza Kugbey, Vivek Kumar, Desmond Kuupiel, Carlo La Vecchia, Deepesh Lad, Eyasu Alem Lake, Ayenew Molla Lakew, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Faris Lami, Qing Lan, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, James Leigh, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Yu Liao, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Stefan Listl, Alan D Lopez, Platon D Lopukhov, Raimundas Lunevičius, Mohammed Madadin, Sameh Magdeldin, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Azeem Majeed, Afshin Maleki, Reza Malekzadeh, Ali Manafi, Navid Manafi, Wondimu Ayele Manamo, Morteza Mansourian, Mohammad Alì Mansournia, LG Mantovani, Saman Maroufizadeh, Santi Martini, Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Motswadi Titus Maswabi, Manu Raj Mathur, Colm McAlinden, Martin McKee, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu, Ravi Mehrotra, Varshil Mehta, Toni Meier, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Addisu Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Peter Memiah, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Shahin Merat, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Meštrović, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Kebadnew Mulatu M. Mihretie, Ted R. Miller, Edward J Mills, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Hamed Mirzaei, Hamid Reza Mirzaei, Rashmi Mishra, Babak Moazen, Dara K. Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Yousef Mohammad, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi, Hiwa Mohammadi, Moslem Mohammadi, Mahdi Mohammadian, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Jemal Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H. Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Yoshan Moodley, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Maryam Moossavi, Ghobad Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh, Farhad Moradpour, Lídia Morawska, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Naho Morisaki, Shane D. Morrison, Abbas Mosapour, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Achenef Asmamaw Muche, Oumer Sada Muhammed, Jonah Musa, Ashraf Nabhan, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Gabriele Nagel, Azin Nahvijou, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Luigi Naldi, Hae‐Sung Nam, Naser Nasiri, Javad Nazari, Ionuţ Negoi, Subas Neupane, Polly A. Newcomb, Haruna Asura Nggada, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Leila Nikniaz, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Molly R Nixon, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Marzieh Nojomi, Shirin Nosratnejad, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Mohammed Suleiman Obsa, Richard Ofori‐Asenso, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In‐Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Abidemi Omonisi, Obinna Onwujekwe, Anu Mary Oommen, Eyal Oren, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Erika Ota, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa Owolabi, P A Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Smita Pakhalé, Amir H. Pakpour, Adrian Pană, Eun‐Kee Park, Hadi Parsian, Tahereh Pashaei, Shanti Patel, Snehal T Patil, Alyssa Pennini, David M. Pereira, Cristiano Piccinelli, Julian David Pillay, Majid Pirestani, Farhad Pishgar, Maarten J. Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Farshad Pourmalek, Akram Pourshams, Swayam Prakash, Narayan Prasad, Mostafa Qorbani, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Mahdi Rahimi, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Fatemeh Rajati, Saleem M. Rana, Samira Raoofi, Goura Kishor Rath, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Robert C. Reiner, André M. N. Renzaho, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Daniela Ribeiro, Luca Ronfani, Elias Merdassa Roro, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ali Rostami, Ragy Saad, Parisa Sabbagh, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Saeid Safiri, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Farkhonde Salehi, Hosni Salem, Marwa Rashad Salem, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Joshua A. Salomon, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Benn Sartorius, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Miloje Savic, Monika Sawhney, Mehdi Sayyah, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Ben Schöttker, Mario Šekerija, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Masood Sepehrimanesh, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Faramarz Shaahmadi, Hosein Shabaninejad, Mohammad Shahbaz, Masood Ali Shaikh, Amir Shamshirian, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Heidar Sharafi, Zeinab Sharafi, Mehdi Sharif, Ali Sharifi, Hamid Sharifi, Rajesh Sharma, Aziz Sheikh, Reza Shirkoohi, Sharvari Shukla, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Ambrish Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Solomon Sisay, Freddy Sitas, Eugène Sobngwi, Moslem Soofi, Joan B. Soriano, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Ken Takahashi, Omid Reza Tamtaji, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, Parvaneh Taymoori, Arash Tehrani‐Banihashemi, Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Manaye Yihune Teshale, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Subash Thapa, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Roman Topór-Mądry, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, Irfan Ullah, Olalekan A. Uthman, Marco Vacante, Maryam Vaezi, Patricia Varona Pérez, Yousef Veisani, Simone Vidale, Francesco Saverio Violante, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Kia Vosoughi, Giang Thu Vu, Isidora S Vujcic, Henry Wabinga, Tesfahun Mulatu Wachamo, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Tissa Wijeratne, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Adam Wondmieneh, Hailemariam Mekonnen Workie, Rajaram Yadav, Abbas Yadegar, Ali Yadollahpour, Mehdi Yaseri, Vahid Yazdi‐Feyzabadi, Alex Yeshaneh, Mohammed Yimam, Ebrahim M Yimer, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Bahman Yousefi, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Erfan Zabeh, Vesna Zadnik, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Zoubida Zaidi, Mohammad Zamani, Hamed Zandian, Alireza Zangeneh, Leila Zaki, Kazem Zendehdel, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Christopher J L Murray - JAMA Oncology 2019 cited by 2,665

Importance Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.