Apple Intelligence Foundation Language Models

Authors: Tom Gunter, Z. Wang, Chong Wang, Ruoming Pang, A. G. Hari Narayanan, Aonan Zhang, Bowen Zhang, Chen Chen, Chung‐Cheng Chiu, David Qiu, Deepak Gopinath, Dian Ang Yap, Dong Yin, Feng Nan, Floris Weers, Guoli Yin, Haoshuo Huang, Jianyu Wang, Jiarui Lu, John Peebles, Ke Ye, Mark Lee, Nan Du, Qibin Chen, Quentin Keunebroek, Sam M. Wiseman, Syd Evans, Lei, Tao, Vivek Rathod, Xiang Kong, Xianzhi Du, Yanghao Li, Yongqiang Wang, Yuan Gao, Zaid Ahmed, Zhaoyang Xu, Zhiyun Lu, Al Mamunur Rashid, Albin Madappally Jose, Alec Doane, Alfredo Bencomo, Allison Vanderby, Andrew J. Hansen, Ankur Jain, Anupama Mann Anupama, A. T. Kamal, Bugu Wu, Carolina Brum, Charlie Maalouf, Chinguun Erdenebileg, Chris Dulhanty, Dominik Moritz, Doug Kang, Eduardo Jiménez-Morales, Evan Ladd, Fangping Shi, Felix Bai, Frank Chu, Fred Hohman, Hadas Kotek, Hannah Gillis Coleman, Jane Li, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Jeffery Cao, Jeff Lai, Jessica Cheung, Jiulong Shan, Joe Zhou, John Li, Jun Qin, Karanjeet Singh, Karla Vega, Kelvin Zou, Laura D. Heckman, Lauren Gardiner, Margit Bowler, Maria Cordell, Meng Cao, Nicole Hay, Nilesh Shahdadpuri, Otto Godwin, Pranay Dighe, Pushyami Rachapudi, Ramsey Tantawi, Roman Frigg, Sam Davarnia, Sanskruti Shah, Saptarshi Guha, Sasha Sirovica, Shen Ma, Shuang Ma, Simon Wang, Sulgi Kim, Suma Jayaram, Vaishaal Shankar, Varsha Paidi, Vivek Kumar, Xin Wang, Xin Zheng, Walker Cheng, Yael Shrager, Ye Yang, Yasu Tanaka, Yihao Guo, Yunsong Meng, Zhao Tang Luo, Zhi Ouyang, Alp Aygar, Alvin Wan, Andrew Walkingshaw, A. G. Hari Narayanan, Antonie Lin, Arsalan Farooq, Brent Ramerth, Colorado Reed, Chris Bartels, Chris Chaney, David Riazati, Eric Liang Yang, Erin Feldman, Gabriel Hochstrasser, Guillaume Seguin, I. I. Belousova, Joris Pelemans, Karen Yang, Keivan Alizadeh Vahid, Liangliang Cao, Mahyar Najibi, M. Zuliani, Max Horton, Minsik Cho, Nikhil Bhendawade, Patrick Dong, P. Maj, Pulkit Agrawal, Qi Shan, Qichen Fu, Regan Poston, S. Y. Xu, Shuangning Liu, Sushma R. Rao, Tashweena Heeramun, Thomas Merth, Uday Rayala, Victor Cui, Vivek Rangarajan Sridhar, Wencong Zhang, Wenqi Zhang, Wentao Wu, Xingyu Zhou, Xinwen Liu, Yang Zhao, Xia Yin, Zhile Ren, Zhongzheng Ren, Zhongzheng Ren - arXiv 2024 cited by 130

We present foundation language models developed to power Apple Intelligence features, including a ~3 billion parameter model designed to run efficiently on devices and a large server-based language model designed for Private Cloud Compute. These models are designed to perform a wide range of tasks efficiently, accurately, and responsibly. This report describes the model architecture, the data used to train the model, the training process, how the models are optimized for inference, and the evaluation results. We highlight our focus on Responsible AI and how the principles are applied throughout the model development.