The point of view of the universe: Sidgwick and the ambitions of ethics
Sidgwick's book The Methods of Ethics was first published in 1874, and he took it, with substantial alterations, through five editions, and partly through a sixth. It has been recently described as 'a systematic treatise on moral philosophy, examining in detail a far wider range of topics than any previous book on the subject, and setting new standards of precision in wording, clarity in exposition, and care in argument'. It is not merely an historical monument. After a period of fairly resolute neglect, it is now beginning once again to be admired and, it may even be, to some extent read. It bears a very real intellectual relation to modern Utilitarianism and to certain of its problems. There are difficulties not only about Utilitarianism, but about the very project of a systematic ethical theory, which emerge with special clarity from the pages of Sidgwick's book, particularly because Sidgwick was in various ways both more and less conscious of them than modern writers have been. It is the relevance of Sidgwick's book to a large and still very pressing question, the possibility of ethical theory, that I shall discuss.