Longitudinal Changes in Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use Among Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes: International Comparison in the German and Austrian DPV and U.S. T1D Exchange Registries

Authors: Kellee M. Miller, Julia M. Hermann, Nicole C. Foster, Sabine E. Hofer, Michael R. Rickels, Thomas Danne, Mark A. Clements, Eggert Lilienthal, David M. Maahs, Reinhard W. Holl, T1D Exchange and DPV Registries, Ruth S. Weinstock, Roberto Izquierdo, Umair Sheikh, Patricia Conboy, Jane Bulger, Suzan Bzdick, Georgeanna J. Klingensmith, Carolyn Banion, J. C. Barker, Cindy Cain, Kristen J. Nadeau, Marian Rewers, Arleta Rewers, Robert H. Slover, Andrea K. Steck, Paul Wadwa, Philip Zeitler, G. Todd Alonso, Gregory P. Forlenza, Andrea Gerard‐Gonzalez, Melanie Cree‐Green, Susan J. Gross, Shideh Majidi, Laurel H. Messer, Tyler Reznick-Lipina, Emily Simmons, Katie Thivener, Isabel Weber, Steven M. Willi, Terri H. Lipman, Olena Kucheruk, Pantea Minnock, Cathy Carchidi, Brian Grant, Diana R. Olivos, Linda A. DiMeglio, Tamara S. Hannon, Carmella Evans‐Molina, David W. Hansen, Tina M. Pottorff, Stephanie L. Woerner, Megan Hildinger, Robin Hufferd, America Newnum, Devyn Purtlebaugh, Lisa Smith, Kathleen Wendholt, Robin Goland, Rachelle Gandica, Kristen M. Williams, Sarah Pollack, Emily Casciano, Julia Hochberg, Cecilia Uche, Joyce M. Lee, Brigid Gregg, Meng H. Tan, Lynn Ang, Rodica Pop‐Busui, Inas H. Thomas, Emily Dhadphale, Janet Dominowski, Ashley Garrity, Virginia Leone, Cynthia Plunkett, Brittany Plunkett, Roshanak Monzavi, Clement S.K. Cheung, Lynda K. Fisher, Mimi S. Kim, Brian Miyazaki, Pisit Pitukcheewanont, Anna Sandström, Juliana Austin, Nancy Change, Jennifer K. Raymond, Brian Ichihara, Megan Lipton, Jaquelin Flores Garcia, Satish K. Garg, Aaron W. Michels, Rachel Garcetti, Melanie Cree‐Green, Raymond Gutin, Kristen J. Nadeau, Sarit Polsky, Viral N. Shah, Mary Voelmle, L. Daniel Myers, Gregory Coe, Jamie K. Demmitt, Yesenia Garcia‐Reyes, Dominique Giordano, Prakriti Joshee, Emily Nease, Nhung Nguyen, Joseph I. Wolfsdorf, Maryanne Quinn, Constance P. Fontanet, Susmita Mukherjee, Kathleen E. Bethin, Teresa Quattrin, Indrajit Majumdar, Lucy D. Mastrandrea, Emily Gorman, Amanda M. House, Sharon Michalovic, Wanda Musial, Barbara Shine, Andrew Ahmann, Jessica R. Castle, Farahnaz Joarder, Diana Aby-Daniel, Ines Guttmann‐Bauman, Bethany Klopfenstein, Victoria Morimoto, Nancy Cady, Rebecca Fitch, Donald DeFrang, Kristin Jahnke, Claire Patoine, Vandana Raman, Carol M. Foster, Mary Murray, Trina Brown, Cassandra Davis, Hillarie Slater, Jennifer Langvardt, Bruce W. Bode, Jennifer Boyd, Joseph H. Johnson, Christopher A. Newton, Jonathan G. Ownby, RaShonda Hosey, Nitin Rastogi, Blake Winslett, Irl B. Hirsch, Anthony J. DeSantis, R. Alan Failor, Carla J. Greenbaum, Dace Trence, Subbulaxmi Trikudanathan, Dori Khakpour, Pam Thomson, Lori Sameshima, Corinna Tordillos, Mark A. Clements, Angela Turpin, Ghufran Babar, Julia Broussard, Joe Cernich, Kavitha Dileepan, Max Feldt, Wayne D. Moore, Tiffany Musick, Susana R. Patton, Yun Yan, Sarah L. Tsai, Jennifer Bedard, Aliza Elrod, Lois Hester, Marissa Beidelschies, Julie de la Garza, Emily Haith, Jennifer James, Elizabeth Ramey, Jessica Slover, Armenthia Valentine, Darta Watkins, Misty Whisenhunt, Jami Wierson, Darrell M. Wilson, Bruce A. Buckingham, David M. Maahs, Priya Prahalad, Liana Hsu, Ryan Kingman, Ideen Tabatabai, David R. Liljenquist, Mark Sulik, Carl Vance, Jean Halford, Christine Funke, Yaw Appiagyei-Dankah, Emily Beltz, Karen Moran, Harold Starkman, Barbara Cerame, Daisy Chin, Laurie Ebner-Lyon, Kristen Sabanosh, Lawrence A. Silverman, Christine Wagner, Sunita Cheruvu, Marie Fox, Frances Melchionne, Richard M. Bergenstal, M. Madden, Thomas Martens, Amy Criego, Margaret A. Powers, Anders L. Carlson, Shannon Beasley, Beth A. Olson, LeeAnn Thomas, Kathleen McCann, Sean Dunnigan, Charlotte Ashanti, Jill H. Simmons, William Russell, Sarah S. Jaser, Jennifer C. Kelley, Faith Brendle, Lauren Williams, Kimberly L. Savin, Kimberly Flowers, George E. Williams, Emily Hamburger, Angelia Davis, Brenna Hammel, Eda Cengiz, William V. Tamborlane, Kate Weyman, Michelle Van Name, Neha Patel, Jennifer L. Sherr, Eileen Tichy, Amy Steffen, Melinda Zgorski, Lori Carria, Jennifer Finnegan, Elvira Duran, Sanjeev N. Mehta, Michelle L. Katz, Lori M. Laffel, Elisa Giani, Rebecca Snelgrove, Anat Hanono, Persis Commissariat, Julie Griffith, Ashley Atkins, Kara R. Harrington, Kenny Kim, Luisa Masclans, Nisha Naik, Louise Ambler-Osborn, Alan Schultz, Charlotte Cohen, Brittany Anderson, Janet B. McGill, Andrea Granados, Mary Jane Clifton, Stacy Hurst, Sarah Kissel, Carol Recklein, Davida Kruger, Arti Bhan, Terri Brown, Andreana Tassopoulos, Angela Hailey, Heather Remtema, Terra Cushman, Kupper A. Wintergerst, Sara Watson, Suzanne Kingery, Lauren Rayborn, Heather Rush, Michael B. Foster, Amy Deuser, Manuel Rodriguez-Luna, Stephanie Eubanks, Henry Rodriguez, Sureka Bollepalli, Laura Smith, Dorothy I. Shulman, E. Verena Jorgensen, Emily Eyth, Rachel M. Brownstein, Janet Rodríguez, Juanita O’Bria, Grazia Aleppo-Kacmarek, Allison J Hahr, Mark E. Molitch, El Muayed, Daniel J. Toft, Candice Fulkerson, Daphne T. Adelman, Elaine Massaro, Kimberly M. Webb, Anne L. Peters, Valerie Ruelas, Mark Harmel, Mark Daniels, Nikta Forghani, Timothy Flannery, Christina Reh, Amrit Bhangoo, Himala Kashmiri, Keirsten Montgomery, Lien Trinh, Heather Speer, Kristen Lane, Richard M. Bergenstal, Thomas Martens, M. Madden, Margaret A. Powers, Amy Criego, Andes Carlson, Beth A. Olson, Shannon Beasley, Kathleen McCann, LeeAnn Thomas, Cassie Miller, Charlotte Ashanti, Christine Burt Solórzano, Jennifer Puskaric, Robert Benjamin, Deanna Adkins, Amber Spruill, Cathy Williams, Eva Tsalikian, Michael Tansey, Nidhi Bansl, Joanne Cabbage, Julie Coffey, Desmond Schatz, Michael Clare‐Salzler, Kenneth Cusi, Becky Fudge, Mike Haller, Collette Meehan, Henry Rohrs, Janet Silverstein, Ashby F. Walker, Anastasia Albanese-O’Niell, Stephanie Foss, Janey Adams, Miriam Cintrón, Nicole Thomas, Michael Gottschalk, Ron S. Newfield, Marla Hashiguchi, David P. Sparling, Jeanie Tryggested, Joni Beck, Joane Less, Linda Weber, Saleh Adi, Stephen E. Gitelman, Srinath Sanda, Jenise C. Wong, Mary Kate McDonnell, Monica Mueller, Zara Izadi, Swaroop Mistry, Bryce Nelson, Lisa Looper, Carrie Frost, Maria Redondo, Sarah K. Lyons, Sara Klinepeter, Kelly Fegan‐Bohm, Fida Bacha, Daniel J. DeSalvo, Ashley M. Butler, Marisa E. Hilliard, Farida Khetani, Ronald Yulatic, Robert Hudson, L. G. Irvine, Sadia Zubair, C Pace, Abelin Pitrello, Wendy Levy, Charity Njoku, William B. Zipf, Jennifer Dyer, Rolando A. Lozano, Diane Seiple, Grant Corven, Megan Jaycox, Jamie Wood, Sarah A. MacLeish, Rose Gubitosi‐Klug, Ramon Adams, Paul McGuigan, Terri Casey, Wendy Campbell, Julie M. Kittelsrud, Ashutosh Gupta, Vikki Peterson, Ingrid Libman, Ana María Díaz, David H. Jelley, Christina Crowder, Dana Greer, Julia Crawford, Sharnella Goudeau, Catherine Pihoker, Joyce P. Yi‐Frazier, Susan Kearns, Michael Pascual, Beth Loots, Natalie Beauregard, Michael R. Rickels, Shannon O’Brien, Shivani Agarwal, Amy J. Peleckis, Cornelia Dalton-Bakes, Eileen Markmann, Guillermo E. Umpierrez, Andrew J. Muir, Clementina Ramos, Keywan Behbahani, Neil Dhruv, Nolan Gartzman, Brandon M. Nathan, Melena D. Bellin, Muna Sunni, Nancy Flaherty, Janice Leschyshyn, Kara Schmid, Darcy Weingartner, Marrissa Ludwig, Brittney Nelson, Anne Kogler, Avery Bartyzal, Anne Street, Beth Pappenfus, Jessica Sweet, John B. Buse, Laura Young, Katherine Bergamo, April Goley, M. Sue Kirkman, Jamie Diner, Alex Kass, Milana Dezube, Kathleen Arnold, Traci Evans, Sharon Sellers, Scott M. Blackman, Kimber-Lee Abel, Lisa Rasbach, Omar Ali, Peter M. Wolfgram, Rosanna Fiallo-Sharer, Joanna Kramer, Christina Beesley, Clare Bingham-Tyson, Rachel Unteutsh, David M. Harlan, Mary Lee, Leslie A. Soyka, Penny H. Feldman, Michael Thompson, Karen Gallagher‐Dorval, Lisa Hubacz, Celia Hartigan, C. Ciccarelli, Rachel Edelen, Michelle Edelen, Trista Borgwadt, Kirstin Stauffacher, Kelly DeGrote, Crystal Gruetzmacher, Michael Shepperd, Anuj Bhargava, Diana Wright, Kathleen Fitzgerald, Teck Kim Khoo, Natalie Young, Lisa Borg, Kirstie Stifel, Cindy Rail, Luis E. De Las Casas, Elizabeth Eidenshink, Christina Huber, Alex Rieder, Amy Tuchscherer, Megan Broadbent, Lawrence M. Dolan, Sarah Corathers, Jessica Kichler, Nicole Sheanon, Holly Baugh, Debbie Standiford, Tammy Weis, Catherine Fox, Carrie Schultz, Amy M. Ritter, Francesco Vendrame, Carlos Blashke, Della Matheson, Natalia Sanders-Branca, Justen Rudolph, Doris Biersdorf, Jane Fitch-Danielson, Dara Eckerle-Mize, Faith Brendle, Janet Fry, Dianne Davis, C. Lovell, Brenna Hammel, Lauren Williams, Robert P. Hoffman, Monika Chaudhari, Manmohan K. Kamboj, Lindsey Carr, Luis E. De Las Casas, Julie Blehm, Anthony Tello, Julie Ann Walter, Rhonda Ward, Megan Broadbent, Gabriel Blomquist, Maria Stewart, Paige Cross, Sarah Racki, Lindsey Sterchi, Diane Gouine, Becky Kiesow, Stephanie Welch, Athena Philis‐Tsimikas, George Daily, Amy Chang, James McCallum, Isabel Maria Garcia, Teresa Vela, Ioanna Loupasi, Rosario Rosal, Elena Toschi, Roeland J.W. Middelbeek, Medha Munshi, Christine Slyne, Astrid Atakov-Castillo, Larry A. Fox, Nelly Mauras, Rachel M. Wasserman, Ligeia Damaso, Kim Englert, Kaitlin Sikes, Kim Ponthieux, Louis Phillipson, Ashley Cohen, Gail Gannon, Larry C. Deeb, April Shiver, Leroy Schroeder, Wendi Schworm, Kristina Graham, Carol J. Levy, David Lam, Elizabeth Burtman, Camilla Levister, Selassie Ogyaadu, Heidi L. Gassner, Julie Duke, Leslie Touger, Dorothee Newbern, Francine Hoekstra, Katerina Harwood, Vijaya Prasad, JoAnne Daguanno, Richard E. Pratley, Karen D. Corbin, Mia Wright, Susann Nagel, Natasha Water, Matthew Ghere, Keri Whitaker, Rubina A. Heptulla, Ranjitha Katikaneni, Doreen Johnson-Newell, Jill P. Crandall, Danielle Powell, Valentin Anghel, Steven Ghanny, Javier Aisenberg, Amy Chartoff, Jennifer Sivitz, Susan Mathus, Toni-Lyn Cospito, Kathryn Thailkill, John L. Fowlkes, Evangelia Kalaitzoglou, Alba Morales Pozzo, Kathy Edwards - Diabetes Care 2019 cited by 94

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been demonstrated in randomized trials to improve glucose control in patients with type 1 diabetes (1), but until recently only a minority of participants in the German/Austrian Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation (DPV) registry and the U.S.-based T1D Exchange (T1DX) registry were using CGM (2,3). Over the past decade, both the accuracy and usability of CGM devices have improved considerably with expanded cost coverage of CGM by government statutory and private insurance. Some CGM devices are regulatory body approved for determining insulin dose in most circumstances, thereby reducing the number of fingersticks needed to monitor blood glucose. To assess change in CGM use over time across the age spectrum, we analyzed data from the T1DX and DPV registries for the years 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017. CGM use (including both real-time and intermittent scanning CGM) at each data collection time point were obtained from clinic medical records. The number of participants with available data on CGM usage varied slightly depending on the calendar year for both registries. In DPV, the cohort size ranged from 17,632 to 21,707 for youth (aged 2 to <18 years) and from 7,651 to 8,390 for adults aged (≥18 years). In T1DX, cohort size ranged from 8,334 to 9,184 …