Measurement of Neutrino Oscillation with KamLAND: Evidence of Spectral Distortion
We present results of a study of neutrino oscillation based on a 766 ton/year exposure of KamLAND to reactor antineutrinos. We observe 258 ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ candidate events with energies above 3.4 MeV compared to $365.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}23.7$ events expected in the absence of neutrino oscillation. Accounting for $17.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7.3$ expected background events, the statistical significance for reactor ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ disappearance is 99.998%. The observed energy spectrum disagrees with the expected spectral shape in the absence of neutrino oscillation at 99.6% significance and prefers the distortion expected from ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ oscillation effects. A two-neutrino oscillation analysis of the KamLAND data gives $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}={7.9}_{\ensuremath{-}0.5}^{+0.6}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}}^{2}$. A global analysis of data from KamLAND and solar-neutrino experiments yields $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}={7.9}_{\ensuremath{-}0.5}^{+0.6}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ and ${tan }^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}={0.40}_{\ensuremath{-}0.07}^{+0.10}$, the most precise determination to date.