A review on nanosystems as an effective approach against infections of Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus ( S . aureus ) is an important zoonotic bacteria and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. The characteristics like biofilm forming, facultative intracellular survival, and growing resistance of S . aureus pose a great challenge to its use in therapy. Nanoparticles are considered as a promising way to overcome the infections’ therapeutic problems caused by S . aureus . In this paper, the present progress and challenges of nanoparticles in the treatment of S . aureus infection are focused on stepwise. First, the survival and infection mechanism of S . aureus are analyzed. Second, the treatment challenges posed by S . aureus are provided, which is followed by the third step including the advantages of nanoparticles in improving the penetration and accumulation ability of their payload antibiotics into cell, inhibiting S . aureus biofilm formation, and enhancing the antibacterial activity against resistant isolates. Finally, the challenges and future perspective of nanoparticles for S . aureus infection therapy are introduced. This review will help the readers to realize that the nanosystems can effectively fight against the S . aureus infection by inhibiting biofilm formation, enhancing intracellular delivery, and improving activity against methicillin-resistant S . aureus and small colony variant phenotypes as well as aim to help researchers looking for more efficient nanosystems to combat the S . aureus infections. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus , infection mechanism, resistance, antibiotics, nanoparticles