Chaos in the Hodgkin-Huxley Model
The Hodgkin--Huxley model was developed to characterize the action potential of a squid axon. It has served as an archetype for compartmental models of the electrophysiology of biological membranes. Thus the dynamics of the Hodgkin--Huxley model have been extensively studied both with a view to their biological implications and as a test bed for numerical methods that can be applied to more complex models. This note demonstrates previously unobserved dynamics in the Hodgkin--Huxley model, namely, the existence of chaotic solutions in the model with its original parameters. The solutions are found by displaying rectangles in a cross-section whose images under the return map produce a Smale horseshoe. The chaotic solutions are highly unstable, but they are significant as they lie in the basin boundary that establishes the threshold of the system.