Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants

著者: Bin Zhou, A. Rayner, Edward W. Gregg, Kate E. Sheffer, Rodrigo M. Carrillo‐Larco, James E Bennett, Jonathan E. Shaw, Christopher J. Paciorek, Rosie Singleton, Ana Barradas‐Pires, Gretchen A Stevens, Goodarz Danaei, Victor P. F. Lhoste, Nowell H Phelps, Rachel A Heap, Lakshya Jain, Yse D'Ailhaud De Brisis, Agnese Galeazzi, André Pascal Kengne, Anu Mishra, Nayu Ikeda, Hsien-Ho Lin, Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Kairat Davletov, Shubash Shander Ganapathy, Christin Heidemann, Yousef Khader, Young‐Ho Khang, Avula Laxmaiah, Jean Claude Mbanya, Viswanathan Mohan, KM Venkat Narayan, Meda E. Pavkov, Eugène Sobngwi, Alisha N. Wade, Novie O Younger-Coleman, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari, Hanan F Abdul Rahim, Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh, Shalkar Adambekov, Robert J. Adams, Wichai Aekplakorn, Shoaib Afzal, Imelda Angeles‐Agdeppa, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Charles Agyemang, Noor Ani Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Naser Ahmadi, Nastaran Ahmadi, Soheir H. Ahmed, Wolfgang Ahrens, Kamel Ajlouni, Sarah F Al-Hamli, Halima Al-Hinai, Jawad Al‐Lawati, Deena Alasfoor, Monira Alarouj, Fadia AlBuhairan, Shahla AlDhukair, Mohamed M. Ali, Mohammed K. Ali, Anna V Alieva, Farbod Alinezhad, Abdullah Alkandari, Ala'a Alkerwi, Eman Aly, Deepak Amarapurkar, Lars Bo Andersen, Sigmund A Anderssen, Susana Andrade, Alireza Ansari‐Moghaddam, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Joana Araújo, Tahir Aris, Raphael E. Arku, Nimmathota Arlappa, Krishna K Aryal, Thor Aspelund, Félix Assah, Batyrbek Assembekov, Shiu Lun Au Yeung, Juha Auvinen, Mária Avdičová, Kishwar Azad, Ana Azevedo, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Fereidoun Azizi, Flora Bacopoulou, Nagalla Balakrishna, Yulia Balanova, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Maciej Banach, Piotr Bandosz, José R. Banegas, Carlo M Barbagallo, Alberto Barceló, Maja Baretić, Lena Barrera, Marta Barreto, Abdul Basit, Anwar Batieha, Aline Priscila Batista, Louise A. Baur, Belavendra Antonisamy, Theodora Benedek, Mikhail Benet Rodríguez, Michaela Benzeval, Salim Berkinbayev, Antonio Bernabé‐Ortiz, Ximena Berrios Carrasola, Heloísa Bettiol, Augustin F Beybey, Santosh K. Bhargava, Yufang Bi, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Mukharram M Bikbov, Bihungum Bista, Peter Bjerregaard, Espen Bjertness, Marius B Bjertness, Cecilia Björkelund, Kátia Vergetti Bloch, Anneke Blokstra, Martin Bobák, Bernhard O Boehm, Jose G Boggia, Carlos P Boissonnet, Stig E. Bojesen, Marialaura Bonaccio, Alice Bonilla-Vargas, Herman Borghs, Steve Botomba, Pascal Bovet, Imperia Brajkovich, Hermann Brenner, Lizzy M. Brewster, Garry Brian, Yajaira Briceño, Miguel Brito, Gloria Bueno, Anna Bugge, Frank Buntinx, Antonio Cabrera de León, Roberta B. Caixeta, Günay Can, Ana Paula Carlos Cândido, Mario V. Capanzana, Naděžda Čapková, Eduardo Capuano, Rocco Capuano, Vincenzo Capuano, Viviane C Cardoso, Axel C. Carlsson, Felipe F. Casanueva, Laura Censi, Marvin Cervantes–Loaiza, Charalambos Chadjigeorgiou, Parinya Chamnan, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Queenie Chan, Fadi J. Charchar, Nish Chaturvedi, Chien‐Jen Chen, Huashuai Chen, Long‐Sheng Chen, Ching-Yu Cheng, Bahman Cheraghian, Angela Chetrit, Shu-Ti Chiou, María‐Dolores Chirlaque, Jerzy Chudek, Renata Cifkova, Massimo Círillo, Frank Claessens, Janine Clarke, Emmanuel Cohen, Hans Concin, Cyrus Cooper, Cosmin Cojocaru, Simona Costanzo, Melanie J Cowan, Chris Cowell, Amelia C. Crampin, Ana B. Crujeiras, Juan J. de la Cruz, Felipe Vogt Cureau, Sarah Cuschieri, Graziella D'Arrigo, Eleonora d’Orsi, Haroldo da Silva-Ferreira, Jean Dallongeville, Albertino Damasceno, Rachel Dankner, Saeed Dastgiri, Luc Dauchet, Amalia De Curtis, Giovanni de Gaetano, Stefaan De Henauw, David De Ridder, Mohan Deepa, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Stefaan Demarest, Elaine Dennison, Valérie Deschamps, Meghnath Dhimal, Živka Dika, Shirin Djalalinia, Chiara Donfrancesco, Maria Dorobanţu, Nico Dragano, Wojciech Drygas, Shufa Du, Yong Du, Charmaine A Duante, Priscilla Duboz, Rosemary B. Duda, Anar Dushpanova, Vilnis Dzerve, Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Narges Ebrahimi, Ricky Eddie, Ebrahim Eftekhar, Vasiliki Efthymiou, Eruke E Egbagbe, Robert Eggertsen, Sareh Eghtesad, Clara Ladi Ejembi, Mohammad El-Khateeb, Jalila El Ati, Denise Eldemire‐Shearer, Roberto Elosúa, Ofem Enang, Rajiv T Erasmus, Cihangir Erem, Gül Ergör, Louise Eriksen, Johan G. Eriksson, Ali Esmaeili, Roger G. Evans, Guy Fagherazzi, Noushin Fahimfar, Ildar Fakhradiyev, Albina A. Fakhretdinova, Caroline H Fall, Elnaz Faramarzi, Mojtaba Farjam, Farshad Farzadfar, Yosef Farzi, Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Asher Fawwad, Francisco Javier Félix-Redondo, Trevor S Ferguson, Daniel Fernández‐Bergés, Desha R Fernando, Thomas Ferrao, Marika Ferrari, Maurizio Ferrario, Catterina Ferreccio, Eldridge Ferrer, Edith J. M. Feskens, Günther Fink, David Flood, Maria Forsner, Sandrine Fosse‐Edorh, Edward Fottrell, Heba Fouad, Damian Francis, Guillermo Frontera, Isti Ilmiati Fujiati, Fumihiko Matsuda, Takuro Furusawa, Zbigniew Gaciong, Fabio Galvano, Sarah P Garnett, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Magda Gasull, Andrea Gazzinelli, Ulrike Gehring, Ebrahim Ghaderi, Seyyed‐Hadi Ghamari, Ali Ghanbari, Erfan Ghasemi, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Anup Ghimire, Alessandro Gialluisi, Simona Giampaoli, Francesco Gianfagna, Tiffany K Gill, Jonathan Giovannelli, Glen Gironella, Aleksander Giwercman, Marcel Goldberg, David Goltzman, Aleksandra Gomuła, Helen Gonçalves, Mauer Gonçalves, David Alejandro González‐Chica, Marcela González‐Gross, Juan P González-Rivas, Angel R Gonzalez, Atsushi Goto, Frédèric Gottrand, Dušan Grafnetter, Maria G Grammatikopoulou, Andriene Grant, Anne Sameline Grimsgaard, Tomasz Grodzicki, Anders Grøntved, Giuseppe Grosso, Dongfeng Gu, Vilmundur Guðnason, Ramiro Guerrero, Idris Guessous, Unjali P. Gujral, Rajeev Gupta, Laura Gutiérrez, Xinyi Gwee, Seongjun Ha, Rosa Haghshenas, Hamid Hakimi, Ian Hambleton, Behrooz Hamzeh, Dominique Hange, Sari Hantunen, Jie Hao, Javad Harooni, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi‐Shahri, Jun Hata, Alison J Hayes, Jiang He, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Ana Henriques, Sauli Herrala, Karl‐Heinz Herzig, Ramin Heshmat, Allan G. Hill, Sai Yin Ho, Michelle Holdsworth, Reza Homayounfar, Wilma M. Hopman, Andrea RVR Horimoto, Claudia M Hormiga, Bernardo L Horta, Leila Houti, Christina Howitt, Thein Thein Htay, Aung Soe Htet, Maung Maung Than Htike, José María Huerta, Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Laëtitia Huiart, Martijn Huisman, Monica Hunsberger, Abdullatif Husseini, Inge Huybrechts, Licia Iacoviello, Ellina M. Iakupova, Anna G. Iannone, Norazizah Ibrahim Wong, CK Ijoma, Vilma E Irazola, Takafumi Ishida, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Duygu İşlek, Till Ittermann, Masanori Iwasaki, Tuija Jääskeläinen, Jeremy M. Jacobs, Hashem Jaddou, Michel Jadoul, Bakary Jallow, Kenneth James, Kazi M. Jamil, Edward Janus, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Grażyna Jasieńska, Ana Jelaković, Ana Jelaković, Garry Jennings, Anjani Kumar Jha, AM Jibo, Ramon O Jimenez, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Jari Jokelainen, Jost B Jonas, Josipa Josipović, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Anthony Kafatos, Eero O Kajantie, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Argyro Karakosta, Khem Bahadur Karki, Marzieh Katibeh, Prasad Katulanda, Jussi Kauhanen, Gyulli M. Kazakbaeva, François Folefack Kaze, Calvin Ke, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Roya Kelishadi, Maryam Keramati, Mathilde Kersting, Kazem Khalagi, Arsalan Khaledifar, Davood Khalili, Bahareh Kheiri, Motahareh Kheradmand, Alireza Khosravi, Ursula Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer, Sophia J. Kiechl, Stefan Kiechl, Hyeon Chang Kim, Andrew Kingston, Heidi Klakk, Jana Klánová, Michael Knoflach, Patrick Kolsteren, Jürgen König, Raija Korpelainen, Paul Korrovits, Jelena Kos, Seppo Koskinen, Sudhir Kowlessur, Sławomir Kozieł, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susi Kriemler, Peter Lund Kristensen, Steinar Krokstad, Daan Kromhout, Růžena Kubínová, Urho M. Kujala, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan, Meena Kumari, В. А. Куценко, Catherine Kyobutungi, Quang Dai La, Tiina Laatikainen, Demetre Labadarios, Carl Lachat, Youcef Laid, Lachmie Lall, Anne Langsted, Tiina Lankila, Věra Lánská, Georg Lappas, Bagher Larijani, Tint Swe Latt, Martino Laurenzi, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Jeannette Lee, Terho Lehtimäki, Daniel Lemogoum, GM Leung, Charlie Lim, Wei-Yen Lim, Maria Fernanda Lima‐Costa, Yijing Lin, Lars Lind, Lauren Lissner, Liping Liu, X. Liu, Wei-Cheng Lo, Helle‐Mai Loit, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Tania Lopez, José Eugenio Lozano, Dalia Lukšienė, Annamari Lundqvist, Nuno Lunet, Thomas Lung, Michala Lustigová, Guansheng Ma, George LL Machado‐Coelho, Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues, Enguerran Macia, Luisa M Macieira, Ahmed A Madar, Gladys E. Maestre, Stefania Maggi, Dianna J. Magliano, Emmanuella Magriplis, Gowri Mahasampath, Bernard Maire, Márcia Makdisse, Konstantinos Makrilakis, Mohammad‐Reza Malekpour, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Reza Malekzadeh, Sofia Malyutina, Ma. Lynell V. Maniego, Yannis Μanios, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Enzo Manzato, Mala Ali Mapatano, Anie Marcil, Francisco Mardones, Paula Margozzini, Pedro Marques‐Vidal, Larissa Pruner Marques, Reynaldo Martorell, Luis P Mascarenhas, Mannix Masimango Imani, Masoud Masinaei, Shariq R Masoodi, Ellisiv B Mathiesen, Prashant Mathur, Tandi E. Matsha, Anselmo J Mc Donald Posso, Shelly McFarlane, Stephen T McGarvey, Scott B McLean, Breige McNulty, Sounnia Médiène-Benchekor, Kirsten Mehlig, Amir Houshang Mehrparvar, Jesús D. Melgarejo, Fabián Méndez, Ana Maria B. Menezes, Alibek Mereke, Indrapal I Meshram, Diane T Meto, Nathalie Michels, Cláudia S. Minderico, GK Mini, Juan Francisco Miquel, J Jaime Miranda, Mohammad Reza Mirjalili, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Pietro Amedeo Modesti, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Kazem Mohammad, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Zahra Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Iraj Mohebbi, Niels Christian Møller, Dénes Molnár, Amirabbas Momenan, Roger A Montenegro Mendoza, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Farhad Moradpour, Alain Morejón, Luís A. Moreno, Kàren Morgan, Suzanne N. Morin, George Moschonis, Alireza Moslem, Mildrey Mosquera, Małgorzata Mossakowska, Aya Mostafa, Seyed‐Ali Mostafavi, Eugen Moța, Jorge Mota, Maria Moța, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, Jorge Motta, Kelias P Msyamboza, Thet Thet Mu, Maria L. Muiesan, Patricia B. Munroe, Jaakko Mursu, Kamarul Imran Musa, Norlaila Mustafa, Muel Telo Muyer, Iraj Nabipour, Gabriele Nagel, Balkish M Naidu, Farid Najafi, Jana Námešná, Ei Ei K Nang, Vinay Nangia, Take Naseri, Ana J Navarro-Ramírez, Nareemarn Neelapaichit, Azim Nejatizadeh, Ilona Nenko, Flavio Nervi, Tze Pin Ng, Chung T Nguyen, Nguyen D Nguyen, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Michael Y. Ni, Peng Nie, Ramfis Nieto‐Martínez, Guang Ning, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Nobuo Nishi, Marianna Noale, Oscar A Noboa, Mitsuhiko Noda, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Davide Noto, Mohannad Al Nsour, İrfan Nuhoğlu, Moffat Nyirenda, Terence W O’Neill, Kyungwon Oh, Ryutaro Ohtsuka, Mohd Azahadi Omar, Altan Onat, Sok King Ong, Obinna Onodugo, Pedro Ordúñez, Rui Ornelas, Pedro J Ortiz, Clive Osmond, Afshin Ostovar, Johanna Otero, Charlotte Brandstrup Ottendahl, Akaninyene Otu, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Elena Pahomova, Luigi Palmieri, Wen-Harn Pan, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Zengchang Pang, Francesco Panza, Mariela Paoli, Suyeon Park, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Chona F Patalen, Nikhil D Patel, Raimund Pechlaner, Ivan Pećin, João Mário Pedro, Sérgio Viana Peixoto, Markku Peltonen, Alexandre C Pereira, Thaliane Mayara Pessôa dos Prazeres, Niloofar Peykari, Modou Cheyassin Phall, Son Thai Pham, Rafael N Pichardo, Iris Pigeot, Hynek Pikhart, Aida Pilav, Pavel Piler, Freda Pitakaka, Aleksandra Piwońska, Andréia Pizarro, Pedro Plans-Rubió, Silvia Plata, Barry M. Popkin, Miquel Porta, Anil Poudyal, Farhad Pourfarzi, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Rajendra Pradeepa, Alison Price, Jacqueline F Price, Rui Providência, Jardena J. Puder, Soile Puhakka, Margus Punab, Qing Qiao, Mostafa Qorbani, Hedley Quintana, Tran Quoc Bao, Ričardas Radišauskas, Salar Rahimikazerooni, Olli T. Raitakari, Ambady Ramachandran, Manuel Ramírez‐Zea, Jacqueline Ramke, Elisabete Ramos, Rafel Ramos, Lekhraj Rampal, Sanjay Rampal, Sheena E Ramsay, Daniel A Rangel Reina, Ravindra P. Rannan‐Eliya, Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi, Josep Redón, Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner, Cézane Priscila Reuter, Luis Revilla, Negar Rezaei, Abbas Rezaianzadeh, Yeunsook Rho, Fernando Rigo, Leanne M Riley, Ulf Risérus, Reina G Roa, Louise Robinson, Wendy E Rodríguez-Anderson, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Laura Andrea Rodríguez-Villamizar, Andrea Y Rodríguez, Ulla Roggenbuck, Peter Rohloff, Rosalba Rojas, Elisabetta L. Romeo, Annika Rosengren, Joël Roy, Adolfo Rubinstein, María Ruiz‐Castell, Paola Russo, Petra Rust, Marcin Rutkowski, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Hamideh Sabbaghi, Harshpal Singh Sachdev, Alireza Sadjadi, Ali Reza Safarpour, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Mohammad Hossien Saghi, Olfa Saidi, Satoko Sakata, Nader Saki, Sanja Šalaj, Benoit Salanave, Jukka T Salonen, Massimo Salvetti, José Sánchez-Abanto, Diana A. Santos, Lèlita C Santos, Maria Paula Santos, Rute Santos, Tamara Rodrigues dos Santos, Jouko Saramies, Luís B. Sardinha, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Yoko Sato, Kai-Uwe Saum, Stefan Savin, Norie Sawada, Mariana Sbaraini, Márcia Scazufca, Beatriz D. Schaan, Hermán Schargrodsky, Christa Scheidt‐Nave, Sabine Schipf, Amand F. Schmidt, Börge Schmidt, Carsten Oliver Schmidt, Peter Schnohr, C. Mary Schooling, Ben Schöttker, Sara Schramm, Sylvain Sebert, Moslem Sedaghattalab, Aye Aye Sein, Abhijit Sen, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Jennifer Servais, Ronel Sewpaul, S. А. Shalnova, Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran, Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani, Maryam Sharafkhah, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, Almaz Sharman, Amaneh Shayanrad, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Kenji Shibuya, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa, Rahman Shiri, Marat Shoranov, Namuna Shrestha, Khairil Si-Ramlee, Alfonso Siani, Mark J. Siedner, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Xueling Sim, Mary Simon, Judith Simons, Leon A. Simons, Michael Sjöström, Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer, Przemysław Ślusarczyk, Liam Smeeth, Stefan Söderberg, Agustinus Soemantri, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Aïcha Soumaré, Alfonso Sousa‐Poza, Mafalda Sousa‐Uva, Karen Sparrenberger, Jan A. Staessen, Andreas Stang, Bill Stavreski, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Peter Stehle, Aryeh D. Stein, Jochanan Stessman, Jakub Stokwiszewski, Karien Stronks, Milton Fabian Suárez‐Ortegón, Phalakorn Suebsamran, Machi Suka, Chien‐An Sun, Jianping Sun, Johan Sundström, Paibul Suriyawongpaisal, René Charles Sylva, E Shyong Tai, Furusawa Takuro, Abdonas Tamošiūnas, Eng Joo Tan, Baimakhan Tanabayev, Nikhil Tandon, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Carolina Beatriz Tarqui Mamani, Anne Taylor, Tania Tello, Yih Chung Tham, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Holger Theobald, Xenophon Theodoridis, Nihal Thomas, Amanda G. Thrift, Erik J. Timmermans, Hanna K. Tolonen, Janne S Tolstrup, Maciej Tomaszewski, Murat Topbaş, Michael Tornaritis, Maties Torrent, Laura Torres‐Collado, Giota Touloumi, Pierre Traissac, Αreti Triantafyllou, Oanh TH Trinh, Yu-Hsiang Tsao, Thomas Tsiampalis, Shoichiro Tsugane, John Tuitele, Azaliia M. Tuliakova, Marshall K Tulloch-Reid, Tomi‐Pekka Tuomainen, Maria Turley, Evangelia Tzala, Christophe Tzourio, Peter Ueda, Eunice Ugel, Flora A. Ukoli, Hanno Ulmer, Hannu MT Uusitalo, Gonzalo Valdívia, Damaskini Valvi, Rob M van Dam, Bert‐Jan H. van den Born, Johan Van der Heyden, Hoàng Văn Minh, Lenie van Rossem, Natasja M. van Schoor, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Dirk Vanderschueren, Diego Vanuzzo, Anette Varbo, Senthil K. Vasan, Tomás Vega, Toomas Veidebaum, Gustavo Velásquez-Meléndez, Charlotte Verdot, Giovanni Veronesi, Roosmarijn Verstraeten, César G. Victora, Lucie Viet, Luís Villarroel, Jesús Vioqué, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Bharathi Viswanathan, Péter Vollenweider, Ari Voutilainen, Martine Vrijheid, Janette Walton, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Chongjian Wang, Huijun Wang, Ningli Wang, Qian Wang, Wei‐Qing Wang, Ya Xing Wang, Yi‐Ren Wang, Ying-Wei Wang, S Goya Wannamethee, Karen Webster‐Kerr, Niels Wedderkopp, Wenbin Wei, Leo D. Westbury, Peter H. Whincup, Kurt Widhalm, Indah Suci Widyahening, Andrzej Więcek, Nilmini Wijemunige, Rainford J Wilks, Karin Willeit, Peter Willeit, Tom Wilsgaard, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Roy A Wong-McClure, Andrew Wong, Emily Wong, Mark Woodward, Chao-Chun Wu, Frederick C Wu, Haiquan Xu, Liang Xu, Yu Xu, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Li Yan, Weili Yan, Yasuharu Tabara, Chao-Yu Yeh, Moein Yoosefi, Akihiro Yoshihara, San‐Lin You, Yu‐Ling Yu, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Farhad Zamani, Sabina Zambon, Antonis Zampelas, Abdul Hamid Zargar, Ko Ko Zaw, Tajana Željković Vrkić, Yi Zeng, Bing Zhang, Lei Zhang, Luxia Zhang, Zhenyu Zhang, Ming‐Hui Zhao, Wenhua Zhao, Bekbolat Zholdin, Paul Zimmet, Marie Zins, Emanuel Zitt, Nada Zoghlami, Julio Zúñiga Cisneros, Majid Ezzati - The Lancet 2024 被引用: 793

BACKGROUND: Diabetes can be detected at the primary health-care level, and effective treatments lower the risk of complications. There are insufficient data on the coverage of treatment for diabetes and how it has changed. We estimated trends from 1990 to 2022 in diabetes prevalence and treatment for 200 countries and territories. METHODS: of 6·5% or higher, or taking medication for diabetes. We defined diabetes treatment as the proportion of people with diabetes who were taking medication for diabetes. We analysed the data in a Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression model to estimate diabetes prevalence and treatment. FINDINGS: In 2022, an estimated 828 million (95% credible interval [CrI] 757-908) adults (those aged 18 years and older) had diabetes, an increase of 630 million (554-713) from 1990. From 1990 to 2022, the age-standardised prevalence of diabetes increased in 131 countries for women and in 155 countries for men with a posterior probability of more than 0·80. The largest increases were in low-income and middle-income countries in southeast Asia (eg, Malaysia), south Asia (eg, Pakistan), the Middle East and north Africa (eg, Egypt), and Latin America and the Caribbean (eg, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Costa Rica). Age-standardised prevalence neither increased nor decreased with a posterior probability of more than 0·80 in some countries in western and central Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia and the Pacific, Canada, and some Pacific island nations where prevalence was already high in 1990; it decreased with a posterior probability of more than 0·80 in women in Japan, Spain, and France, and in men in Nauru. The lowest prevalence in the world in 2022 was in western Europe and east Africa for both sexes, and in Japan and Canada for women, and the highest prevalence in the world in 2022 was in countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, some countries in the Caribbean and the Middle East and north Africa, as well as Pakistan and Malaysia. In 2022, 445 million (95% CrI 401-496) adults aged 30 years or older with diabetes did not receive treatment (59% of adults aged 30 years or older with diabetes), 3·5 times the number in 1990. From 1990 to 2022, diabetes treatment coverage increased in 118 countries for women and 98 countries for men with a posterior probability of more than 0·80. The largest improvement in treatment coverage was in some countries from central and western Europe and Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Chile, and Costa Rica), Canada, South Korea, Russia, Seychelles, and Jordan. There was no increase in treatment coverage in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa; the Caribbean; Pacific island nations; and south, southeast, and central Asia. In 2022, age-standardised treatment coverage was lowest in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, and treatment coverage was less than 10% in some African countries. Treatment coverage was 55% or higher in South Korea, many high-income western countries, and some countries in central and eastern Europe (eg, Poland, Czechia, and Russia), Latin America (eg, Costa Rica, Chile, and Mexico), and the Middle East and north Africa (eg, Jordan, Qatar, and Kuwait). INTERPRETATION: In most countries, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, diabetes treatment has not increased at all or has not increased sufficiently in comparison with the rise in prevalence. The burden of diabetes and untreated diabetes is increasingly borne by low-income and middle-income countries. The expansion of health insurance and primary health care should be accompanied with diabetes programmes that realign and resource health services to enhance the early detection and effective treatment of diabetes. FUNDING: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.