Blockade of only TGF-β 1 and 2 is sufficient to enhance the efficacy of vaccine and PD-1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy

T cell numbers. Therefore, protection correlated with qualitative rather than quantitative changes in T cells. Furthermore, when combined with PD-1 blockade, blockade of TGF-β1 and 2 further increased vaccine efficacy. In conclusion, blocking TGF-β1 and 2 is sufficient to enhance tumor immunity, and it can be further enhanced with PD-1 blockade.

Blockade of only TGF-β 1 and 2 is sufficient to enhance the efficacy of vaccine and PD-1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy | Litlas