Spooky Encryption and Its Applications
Consider encrypting n inputs under n independent public keys. Given the ciphertexts $$\{c_i = \mathsf {Enc}_{\mathsf {pk}_i}x_i\}_i$$, Alice outputs ciphertexts $$c'_1,\ldots ,c'_n$$ that decrypt to $$y_1,\ldots ,y_n$$ respectively. What relationships between the $$x_i$$'s and $$y_i$$'s can Alice induce? Motivated by applications to delegating computations, Dwork et al. [11] showed that a semantically secure scheme disallows signaling in this setting, meaning that $$y_i$$ cannot depend on $$x_j$$ for $$j \ne i$$. On the other hand if the scheme is homomorphic then any local component-wise relationship is achievable, meaning that each $$y_i$$ can be an arbitrary function of $$x_i$$. However, there are also relationships which are neither signaling nor local. Dwork et al. asked if it is possible to have encryption schemes that support such relationships. Answering this question is the focus of our work. Our first result shows that, under the $$\textsf {LWE}$$ assumption, there exist encryption schemes supporting a large class of relationships, which we call additive function sharing AFS spooky. In particular, for any polynomial-time function f, Alice can ensure that $$y_1,\ldots ,y_n$$ are random subject to $$\sum _{i=1}^n y_i = fx_1,\ldots ,x_n$$. For this result, the public keys all depend on common public randomness. Our second result shows that, assuming sub-exponentially hard indistinguishability obfuscation iO and additional more standard assumptions, we can remove the common randomness and choose the public keys completely independently. Furthermore, in the case of $$n=2$$ inputs, we get a scheme that supports an even larger class of spooky relationships. We discuss several implications of AFS-spooky encryption. Firstly, it gives a strong counter-example to a method proposed by Aiello eti¾?al. [1] for building arguments for $$\textsf {NP}$$ from homomorphic encryption. Secondly, it gives a simple 2-round multi-party computation protocol where, at the end of the first round, the parties can locally compute an additive secret sharing of the output. Lastly, it immediately yields a function secret sharing FSS scheme for all functions. We also define a notion of spooky-free encryption, which ensures that no spooky relationship is achievable. We show that any non-malleable encryption scheme is spooky-free. Furthermore, we can construct spooky-free homomorphic encryption schemes from SNARKs, and it remains an open problem whether it is possible to do so from falsifiable assumptions.