Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19

著者: COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, COVID-19 Host Genetics InitiativeLeadership, Mari Niemi, Juha Karjalainen, Rachel G. Liao, Benjamin M. Neale, Mark J. Daly, Andrea Ganna, Writing group, Writing group leaders, Gita A. Pathak, Shea J. Andrews, Masahiro Kanai, Writing group members, Kumar Veerapen, Israel Fernández‐Cadenas, Eva C. Schulte, Pasquale Striano, M. Marttila, Camelia C. Minică, Eirini Marouli, Mohd Anisul Karim, Frank R. Wendt, Jeanne E. Savage, Laura Sloofman, Guillaume Butler‐Laporte, Han‐Na Kim, Stavroula Kanoni, Yukinori Okada, Jinyoung Byun, Younghun Han, Mohammed Jashim Uddin, George Davey Smith, Cristen J. Willer, Joseph D. Buxbaum, Analysis group, Manuscript analyses team leader, Manuscript analyses team member: meta-analysis, Juha Mehtonen, Manuscript analyses team member: heritability, methods and supplements, Manuscript analyses team member: PHEWAS, Manuscript analyses team member: Mendelian randomization, Manuscript analyses team member: PC projection and gene prioritization, Manuscript analyses team member: gene prioritization, Hilary K. Finucane, Manuscript analyses team member: sensitivity analysis, Mattia Cordioli, Manuscript analyses team members: PC projection, Alicia R. Martin, Wei Zhou, In silico analysis team members, Bogdan Paşaniuc, Hanna Julienne, Hugues Aschard, Huwenbo Shi, Loïc Yengo, Renato Polimanti, Maya Ghoussaini, Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Ian Dunham, Project management group, Project management leader, Project management support, Karolina Chwiałkowska, Margherita Francescatto, Amy Trankiem, Mary K. Balaconis, Phenotype steering group, Lea K. Davis, Sulggi A. Lee, James R. Priest, Alessandra Renieri, Vijay G. Sankaran, David A. van Heel, Patrick Deelen, J. Brent Richards, Tomoko Nakanishi, Les Biesecker, V. Eric Kerchberger, J. Kenneth Baillie, Data dictionary, Francesca Mari, Anna Bernasconi, J. Kenneth Baillie, Arif Canakoglu, Scientific communication group, Scientific communication leaders, Brooke Wolford, Scientific communication members, Annika Faucon, Atanu Kumar Dutta, Claudia Schurmann, Emi N. Harry, Ewan Birney, Huy Nguyen, Jamal Nasir, Mari Kaunisto, Matthew Solomonson, Nicole Dueker, Nirmal Vadgama, Sophie Limou, Translators, Souad Rahmouni, Hamdi Mbarek, Dima Darwish, Md Mesbah Uddin, Raquel Albertos, Jordi Pérez‐Tur, Ruolin Li, Lasse Folkersen, Ida Moltke, Nils Koelling, Alexander Teumer, Athanasios Kousathanas, Alicia Utrilla, Ricardo A. Verdugo, Ruth Zárate, Carolina Medina‐Gómez, David Gómez-Cabrero, Elena Carnero‐Montoro, Carmen L. Cadilla, Andrés Moreno‐Estrada, Adriana Garmendia, Leire Moya, Bahareh Sedaghati-khayat, Palwendé Romuald Boua, Marie-Julie Favé, Laurent C. Francioli, Audrey Lemaçon, Isabelle Migeotte, Sanjay Patel, Réka Várnai, József Szentpéteri, Csilla Sipeky, Francesca Colombo, Kathrin von Hohenstaufen, Píetro Lió, Costanza L. Vallerga, Qingbo S. Wang, Yosuke Tanigawa, Hogune Im, Chulho Han, Han Song, Jiwoo Lim, Y.‐A. Lee, Sugyeong Kim, Sangyoon Im, Biljana Atanasovska, Hajar Fauzan Ahmad, Cindy G. Boer, Philip R. Jansen, Lude Franke, Elżbieta Kaja, Dorota Pasko, Ingrid Kennis-Szilagyi, Sergey A. Kornilov, Vid Prijatelj, Ivana Nedeljković, Ilangkumaran Sivanadhan, Sarala Perumal, Sahar Esmaeeli, Nathaniel M. Pearson, Website Development, Website development leaders, 23andMe, Analysis team leader, Adam Auton, Data collection leaders, 23andMe COVID-19 Team*, Janie F. Shelton, Anjali J. Shastri, Analysis team members, Teresa Filshtein-Sonmez, Daniella Coker, Antony Symons, Jorge Esparza-Gordillo, Stella Aslibekyan, Jared O’Connell, Data collection members, Chelsea Ye, Catherine H. Weldon, 23andMe COVID-19 Team, ACCOuNT, Analysis team leader, Minoli A. Perera, Data collection leaders, Kevin J. O’Leary, Matthew Tuck, Travis J. O’Brien, David Meltzer, Peter H. O’Donnell, Edith A. Nutescu, Analysis team members, Guang Yang, Data collection members, Cristina Alarcón, Stefanie Herrmann, Sophia Mazurek, Jeff Banagan, Zacharia Hamidi, April Barbour, Noora Raffat, Diana Moreno, Admin team member, Paula N. Friedman, Amsterdam UMC COVID Study Group, Analysis team leader, Bart Ferwerda, Data collection leaders, Diederik van de Beek, Matthijs C. Brouwer, Alexander P. J. Vlaar, W. Joost Wiersinga, Analysis team members, Daniëlle Posthuma, Elleke Tissink, A. H. Koos Zwinderman, Emil Uffelmann, Data collection members, Michiel A. van Agtmael, Anna Geke Algera, Frank van Baarle, Diane Bax, Martijn Beudel, Harm Jan Bogaard, Marije K. Bomers, Peter I. Bonta, Lieuwe D. J. Bos, Michela Botta, Justin de Brabander, Godelieve de Bree, Sanne de Bruin, Marianna Bugiani, Esther Bulle, Osoul Chouchane, Alex Cloherty, Dave A. Dongelmans, Paul Elbers, Lucas M. Fleuren, Suzanne E. Geerlings, Bart F. Geerts, Theo Geijtenbeek, Armand R. J. Girbes, Bram Goorhuis, Martin P. Grobusch, Florianne Hafkamp, Laura A. Hagens, Jörg Hamann, Vanessa Harris, Robert Hemke, Sabine Hermans, Leo Heunks, Markus W. Hollmann, Janneke Horn, Joppe W. Hovius, Menno D. de Jong, Rutger Koning, Niels van Mourik, Jeannine F. Nellen, Esther J. Nossent, Frederique Paulus, Edgar Peters, Tom van der Poll, Bennedikt Preckel, Jan M. Prins, Jorinde Raasveld, Tom D. Y. Reijnders, Michiel Schinkel, Marcus J. Schultz, Alex R. Schuurman, Kim Sigaloff, Marry R. Smit, Cornelis Stijnis, Willemke Stilma, Charlotte E. Teunissen, Patrick Thoral, Anissa M. Tsonas, Marc van der Valk, Denise P. Veelo, Heder de Vries, Michèle van Vugt, Dorien Wouters, René Minnaar, Adrie Kromhout, Kees W. J. van Uffelen, Ruud A. Wolterman, Analysis team leader, Genevieve Roberts, Data collection leader, Danny Park, Admin team leader, Catherine A. Ball, Analysis team members, Marie V. Coignet, Shannon McCurdy, Spencer C. Knight, Raghavendran Partha, Brooke Rhead, Data collection members, Miao Zhang, Nathan Berkowitz, Michael Gaddis, Keith Noto, Luong Ruiz, Miloš Pavlović, Admin team members, Eurie L. Hong, Kristin A. Rand, Ahna R. Girshick, Harendra Guturu, Asher Haug Baltzell, BelCovid, Analysis team leader, Data collection leaders, Souad Rahmouni, Julien Guntz, Admin team leader, Y Beguin, Analysis team members, Sara Pigazzini, Lindokuhle Nkambule, Data collection members, Youssef Bouysran, Adeline Busson, Xavier Peyrassol, Françoise Wilkin, Bruno Pichon, Guillaume Smits, Isabelle Vandernoot, Jean‐Christophe Goffard, Michel Georges, Michel Moutschen, Benoît Misset, Gilles Darcis, Julien Guiot, Laurent Jadot, Samira Azarzar, Patricia Dellot, Stéphanie Gofflot, Sabine Claassen, Axelle Bertrand, Gilles Parzibut, Mathilde Clarinval, Catherine Moermans, Olivier Malaise, Kamilia El Kandoussi, Raphaël Thonon, Pascale Huynen, Alyssia Mesdagh, Sofia Ferreira Melo, Nicolas Jacques, Emmanuel Di Valentin, François Giroule, A. Collignon, Coraline Radermecker, Marielle Lebrun, Hélène Perée, Samuel Latour, Olivia Barada, Judit Sanchez, Claire Josse, Bouchra Boujemla, Margot Meunier, Emeline Mariavelle, Sandy Anania, Hélène Gazon, Danusia Juszczak, Marjorie Fadeur, Séverine Camby, Christelle Meuris, Marie Thys, Jessica Jacques, Monique Henket, Philippe Léonard, Frédéric Frippiat, Jean‐Baptiste Giot, Anne-Sophie Sauvage, Christian Von Frenckell, Myriam Mni, Marie Wéry, Alicia Staderoli, Yasmine Belhaj, Bernard Lambermont, Biobanque Quebec COVID-19, Analysis team leader, Data collection leader, David Morrison, Admin team leaders, Vincent Mooser, Analysis team members, Vincenzo Forgetta, Rui Li, Data collection members, Biswarup Ghosh, Lætitia Laurent, Alexandre Bélisle, Danielle Henry, Tala Abdullah, Olumide Adeleye, Noor Mamlouk, Nofar Kimchi, Zaman Afrasiabi, Nardin Rezk, Branka Vulesevic, Meriem Bouab, Charlotte Guzman, Louis Petitjean, Chris Tselios, Xiaoqing Xue, Jonathan Afilalo, Marc Afilalo, Maureen Oliveira, Bluma Brenner, Nathalie Brassard, Madéleine Durand, Admin team members, Erwin Schurr, Pierre Lepage, Jiannis Ragoussis, Daniel Auld, Michaël Chassé, Daniel E. Kaufmann, G. Mark Lathrop, Darin Adra, BioVU, Analysis team leaders, Lea K. Davis, Nancy J. Cox, Jennifer E. Below, Analysis team members, Julia Sealock, Annika Faucon, Megan M. Shuey, Hannah G. Polikowsky, Lauren E. Petty, Douglas M. Shaw, Hung‐Hsin Chen, Wanying Zhu, Bonn Study of COVID-19 Genetics, Data collection leader, Kerstin U. Ludwig, Analysis team members, Julia Schröder, Carlo Maj, Data collection members, Selina Rolker, Markus M. Nöthen, Julia Fazaal, Verena Keitel, Björn‐Erik Ole Jensen, Torsten Feldt, Ingo Kurth, Nikolaus Marx, Michael Dreher, Isabell Pink, Markus Cornberg, Thomas Illig, Clara Lehmann, Philipp Schommers, Max Augustin, Jan Rybniker, Lisa Knopp, Thomas Eggermann, Sonja Volland, Janine Altmüller, Marc Moritz Berger, Thorsten Brenner, Anke Hinney, Oliver Witzke, Robert Bals, Christian Herr, Nicole Ludwig, Jörn Walter, CHRIS, Analysis team leader, Christian Fuchsberger, Data collection leaders, Cristian Pattaro, Alessandro De Grandi, Admin team leader, Peter P. Pramstaller, Analysis team members, David Emmert, Roberto Melotti, Luisa Foco, Admin team members, Deborah Mascalzoni, Martin Gögele, Francisco S. Domingues, Andrew A. Hicks, Analysis team leader, Christopher R. Gignoux, Data collection leaders, Stephen J. Wicks, Kristy Crooks, Admin team leader, Kathleen C. Barnes, Analysis team members, Michelle Daya, Jonathan Shortt, Nicholas Rafaels, Sameer Chavan, Analysis team leaders, David B. Goldstein, Krzysztof Kiryluk, Data collection leaders, Soumitra SenGupta, Wendy K. Chung, Muredach P. Reilly, Analysis team members, Atlas Khan, Chen Wang, Gundula Povysil, Nitin Bhardwaj, Ali G. Gharavi, Iuliana Ionita‐Laza, Data collection members, Ning Shang, Sheila M. O’Byrne, Renu Nandakumar, Amritha Menon, Yat S. So, Eldad A. Hod, Admin team member, Danielle Pendrick, Corea (Genetics of COVID-19-related Manifestation), Analysis team leader, Han‐Na Kim, Data collection leaders, Soo‐Kyung Park, Hyung‐Lae Kim, Chang Kyung Kang, Hyo‐Jung Lee, Kyoung‐Ho Song, Admin team leaders, Kyung Jae Yoon, Nam‐Jong Paik, Analysis team members, Woojin Seok, Heejun Yoon, Data collection members, Eun‐Jeong Joo, Yoosoo Chang, Seungho Ryu, Wan Beom Park, Jeong Su Park, Kyoung Un Park, Sin Young Ham, Jongtak Jung, Eu Suk Kim, Hong Bin Kim, COVID-19-Hostage, Analysis team leaders, David Ellinghaus, Frauke Degenhardt, Mario Cáceres, Simonas Juzėnas, Tobias L. Lenz, Data collection leaders, Agustı́n Albillos, Antonio Julià, Bettina Heidecker, Féderico García, Florian Kurth, Florian Tran, Frank Hanses, Heinz Zoller, Jan Cato Holter, Javier Fernández, Leif Erik Sander, Philip Rosenstiel, Philipp Koehler, Rafael de Cid, Rosanna Asselta, Stefan Schreiber, Ute Hehr, Daniele Prati, Guido Baselli, Luca Valenti, Luís Bujanda, Jesús M. Bañales, Stefano Duga, Mauro D’Amato, Manuel Romero‐Gómez, Marı́a Buti, Pietro Invernizzi, Admin team leaders, André Franke, Johannes R. Hov, Tom H. Karlsen, Trine Folseraas, Douglas Maya‐Miles, Analysis team members, Ana Teles, Clinton Azuure, Eike Matthias Wacker, Florian Uellendahl-Werth, Hesham ElAbd, Jatin Arora, Jon Lerga-Jaso, Lars Wienbrandt, Malte Rühlemann, Mareike Wendorff, May Sissel Vadla, Ole Bernt Lenning, Onur Özer, Ronny Myhre, Soumya Raychaudhuri, Anja Tanck, Christoph Gassner, Georg Hemmrich‐Stanisak, Jan Christian Kässens, Maria E. Figuera Basso, Martin Schulzky, Michael Wittig, Nicole Braun, Tanja Wesse, Wolfgang Albrecht, Xiaoli Yi, Data collection members, Aaron Blandino Ortíz, Adolfo Garrido Chercoles, Agustı́n Ruiz, Alberto Mantovani, Aleksander Rygh Holten, Alena Mayer, Alessandro Cherubini, Alessandro Protti, Alessio Aghemo, Alessio Gerussi, Alfredo Ramı́rez, Alice Braun, Ana Barreira, Ana Lleò, Anders Benjamin Kildal, Andreas Glück, Anna Carreras, Anna Latiano, Anne Ma Dyrhol‐Riise, Antonio Muscatello, Antonio Voza, Ariadna Rando‐Segura, Aurora Solier, Banasik Karina, Beatriz Cortés, Beatriz Mateos, Beatriz Nafría-Jiménez, Benedikt Schaefer, Carla Bellinghausen, Carlos Ferrando, Carmen Quereda, Carsten Skurk, Charlotte Thibeault, Christoph D. Spinner, Christoph Lange, Cinzia Hu, Claudio Cappadona, Cristiana Bianco, Cristina Sancho, Dag Arne Lihaug Hoff, Daniela Galimberti, David Jiménez, David Pestaña, David Toapanta, Elena Azzolini, Elio Scarpini, Elisa T. Helbig, Eloísa Urrechaga, Elvezia Maria Paraboschi, Emanuele Pontali, Enric Reverter, Enrique Navas, Eunate Arana‐Arri, Félix García Sánchez, Ferruccio Ceriotti, Francesco Malvestiti, Francisco Mesonero, Gianni Pezzoli, Giuseppe Lamorte, Holger Neb, Ilaria My, Isabel Hernández, Itziar de Rojas, Iván Galván‐Femenía, Jan Heyckendorf, Jan Rybniker, Joan R. Badia, Jochen G. Schneider, Josune Goikoetxea, Julia Kraft, Karl Erik Müller, Karoline I. Gaede, Koldo García‐Etxebarria, Kristian Tonby, Lars Heggelund, Laura Izquierdo‐Sánchez, Lauro Sumoy, Lena J. Lippert, Leonardo Terranova, Lucia Garbarino, Luís Téllez, Luisa Roade, Mahnoosh Ostadreza, Maider Intxausti, Manolis Kogevinas, María A. Gutiérrez-Stampa, Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild, Marta Marquié, Massimo Castoldi, Maurizio Cecconi, Merçé Boada, Michael Seilmaier, Michela Mazzocco, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Gandía, Natale Imaz Ayo, Natàlia Blay, Nilda Martínez, Norwegian SARS-CoV-2 Study Group*, Oliver A. Cornely, Orazio Palmieri, Paolo Tentorio, Pedro M. Rodrigues, Pedro Pablo España, Per Hoffmann, Petra Bächer, Phillip Suwalski, Raúl de Pablo, Rosa Nieto, Salvatore Badalamenti, Sandra Ciesek, Sara Bombace, Sibylle Wilfling, Søren Brunak, Stefanie Heilmann‐Heimbach, The Humanitas COVID-19 Task Force*, The Humanitas Gavazzeni COVID-19 Task Force*, Stephan Ripke, Thomas Bahmer, Ulf Landmesser, Ulrike Protzer, Valeria Rimoldi, Vegard Skogen, Víctor Andrade, Victor Moreno, Wolfgang Poller, Xavier Farré, Xiaomin Wang, Yascha Khodamoradi, Zehra Karadeniz, Adolfo de Salazar, Adriana Palom, Alba-Estela Garcia-Fernandez, Albert Blanco‐Grau, Alberto Zanella, Alessandra Bandera, Almut Nebel, Andrea Biondi, Andrea Caballero-Garralda, Andrea Gori, Andreas Lind, Anna Ludovica Fracanzani, Anna Peschuck, Antonio Artigas, Carmen de la Horra, Chiara Milani, Cinzia Paccapelo, Claudio Angelini, Cristina Cea, Eduardo Muñiz‐Díaz, Elena Sandoval, Enrique J. Calderón, Erik Solligård, Fátima Aziz, Filippo Martinelli Boneschi, Flora Peyvandi, Francesco Blasi, Francisco J. Medrano, Francisco Rodríguez‐Frias, Fredrik Müller, Giacomo Grasselli, Giorgio Costantino, Giulia Cardamone, Giuseppe Foti, Giuseppe Matullo, Hayato Kurihara, Jan Egil Afset, Jan Kristian Damås, Javier Ampuero, Javier Martı́n, Jeanette Erdmann, Jonas Bergan, Siegfried Goerg, José Ferrusquía‐Acosta, José Hernández‐Quero, Juan Delgado, Juan M. Guerrero, Kari Risnes, Laura Rachele Bettini, Leticia Moreira, Lise Tuset Gustad, Luigi Santoro, Luigia Scudeller, Mar Riveiro‐Barciela, Marco Schaefer, Maria Carrabba, Maria Grazia Valsecchi, María Hernandez-Tejero, Marialbert Acosta‐Herrera, Mariella D’Angiò, Marina Baldini, Marina Elena Cazzaniga, Michele Ciccarelli, Monica Bocciolone, Monica Miozzo, Natalia Chueca, Nicola Montano, Paola Faverio, Paoletta Preatoni, Paolo Bonfanti, Paolo Omodei, Pedro Castro, Ricard Ferrer, Roberta Gualtierotti, Rocío Gallego‐Durán, Rubén Morilla, Sammra Haider, Sara Marsal, Serena Aneli, Serena Pelusi, Silvano Bòsari, Stefano Aliberti, Susanne Dudman, Tenghao Zheng, Tomàs Pumarola, Trinidad González Cejudo, Valter Monzani, Vicente Friaza, Wolfgang Peter, Ximo Dopazo, Norwegian SARS-CoV-2 Study Group, Humanitas COVID-19 Task Force, Stefano Duga, The Humanitas Gavazzeni COVID-19 Task Force, Admin team members, Sandra May, Marit M. Grimsrud, deCODE, Analysis team leader, Daníel F. Guðbjartsson, Data collection leader, Kāri Stefánsson, Analysis team members, Patrick Sulem, Garðar Sveinbjörnsson, Páll Melsted, Gudmundur L. Norddahl, Kristjan Helgi Swerford Moore, Data collection members, Unnur Þorsteinsdóttir, Hilma Holm, Determining the Molecular Pathways & Genetic Predisposition of the Acute Inflammatory Process Caused by SARS-CoV-2, Analysis team leader, Marta E. Alarcón‐Riquelme, Data collection leader, David Bernardo, Analysis team member, Manuel Martínez‐Bueno, Data collection member, Silvia Rojo‐Rello, Estonian Biobank, Analysis team leader, Reedik Mägi, Data collection leader, Lili Milani, Admin team leader, Andres Metspalu, Analysis team members, Triin Laisk, Kristi Läll, Maarja Lepamets, Data collection members, Tõnu Esko, Ene Reimann, Paul Naaber, Edward Laane, Jaana Pesukova, Pärt Peterson, Kai Kisand, Jekaterina Tabri, Raili Allos, Kati Hensen, Joel Starkopf, Inge Ringmets, Anu Tamm, Anne Kallaste, Admin team members, Helene Alavere, Kristjan Metsalu, Mairo Puusepp, FinnGen, Data collection members, Kati Kristiansson, Sami Koskelainen, Markus Perola, Kati Donner, Katja Kivinen, Aarno Palotie, Admin team member, FinnGen Admin team leader, Aarno Palotie, Functional Host Genomics in Infectious Diseases (FHoGID), Analysis team leader, Carlo Rivolta, Data collection leaders, Pierre–Yves Bochud, Stéphanie Bibert, Noémie Boillat‐Blanco, Semira Gonseth, Werner C. Albrich, Analysis team members, Mathieu Quinodoz, Dhryata Kamdar, Data collection members, Noémie Suh, Dionysios Neofytos, Véronique Erard, Cathy Voide, FHoGID*, RegCOVID*, P-PredictUs*, SeroCOVID*, CRiPSI*, FHoGID, Pierre–Yves Bochud, Carlo Rivolta, Stéphanie Bibert, Mathieu Quinodoz, Dev Kamdar, Dionysios Neofytos, Véronique Erard, Cathy Voide, R. Friolet, Péter Vollenweider, J. L. Pagani, Mauro Oddo, Friederike Meyer zu Bentrup, A. Conen, Olivier Clerc, Oscar Marchetti, A. Guillet, C. Guyat-Jacques, S. Foucras, M. Rime, J. Chassot, M. Jaquet, R. Merlet Viollet, Y. Lannepoudenx, L. Portopena, RegCOVID, Florian Desgranges, Paraskevas Filippidis, Benoît Guéry, David Haefliger, Eleftheria Kampouri, Oriol Manuel, Aline Munting, Matthaios Papadimitriou‐Olivgeris, Jean Regina, L. Rochat-Stettler, V. Suttels, Eliana Tadini, J Tschopp, Mathias Van Singer, Benjamin Viala, P-PredictUs, Noémie Boillat‐Blanco, T. Brahier, Olivier Hügli, J. Y. Meuwly, O. Pantet, SérocoViD, Semira Gonseth, Pierre–Yves Bochud, Valérie D’Acremont, S. Estoppey Younes, CRiPSI, Werner C. Albrich, Noémie Suh, A. Cerny, L. O’Mahony, C. von Mering, Pierre–Yves Bochud, Mirjam Frischknecht, Gian‐Reto Kleger, M. Filipovic, C. R. Kahlert, Hannah Wozniak, Tommaso Rochat Negro, J. Pugin, Konstantinos Bouras, C. Knapp, Thomas Egger, A. Perret, P. Montillier, C. di Bartolomeo, Beatrice Barda, GCAT Genomes For Life, Analysis team leader, Rafael de Cid, Data collection leaders, Anna Carreras, Victor Moreno, Analysis team members, Iván Galván‐Femenía, Natàlia Blay, Xavier Farré, Lauro Sumoy, Data collection members, Beatriz Cortés, Josep M. Mercader, Marta Guindo-Martínez, David Torrents, Judith García‐Aymerich, Gemma Castaño‐Vinyals, Carlota Dobaño, Analysis team leaders, Marco Gori, Data collection leaders, Alessandra Renieri, Mario U. Mondelli, Francesco Castelli, Massimo Vaghi, Stefano Rusconi, Francesca Montagnani, Elena Bargagli, Federico Franchi, Maria Antonietta Mazzei, Luca Cantarini, Danilo Tacconi, Marco Feri, Raffaele Scala, Genni Spargi, Cesira Nencioni, Maria Bandini, Gian Piero Caldarelli, Maurizio Spagnesi, Anna Canaccini, Agostino Ognibene, Antonella d’Arminio Monforte, Massimo Girardis, Andrea Antinori, Daniela Francisci, Elisabetta Schiaroli, Pier Giorgio Scotton, Sandro Panese, Renzo Scaggiante, Matteo Della Monica, Mario Capasso, Giuseppe Fiorentino, Marco Castori, Filippo Aucella, Antonio Di Biagio, Luca Masucci, Serafina Valente, Marco Mandalà, Patrizia Zucchi, Ferdinando Giannattasio, Domenico Coviello, Cristina Mussini, Giancarlo Bosio, Luisa Tavecchia, Lia Crotti, Marco Rizzi, Maria Teresa La Rovere, Simona Sarzi Braga, Maurizio Bussotti, Sabrina Ravaglia, Rosangela Artuso, Antonio Perrella, Davide Romani, Paola Bergomi, E Catena, Antonella Vincenti, Claudio Ferri, Davide Grassi, G Pessina, Mario Tumbarello, Massimo Di Pietro, Sabrina Ravaglia, Sauro Luchi, Chiara Barbieri, Donatella Acquilini, Elena Andreucci, Francesco Paciosi, Francesco Vladimiro Segala, Giusy Tiseo, Marco Falcone, Mirjam Lista, Monica Poscente, Oreste De Vivo, Paola Petrocelli, Alessandra Guarnaccia, Silvia Baroni, Valentina Perticaroli, Admin team leaders, Simone Furini, Simona Dei, Analysis team members, Elisa Benetti, Nicola Picchiotti, Maurizio Sanarico, Stefano Ceri, Pietro Pinoli, Francesco Raimondi, Filippo Biscarini, Alessandra Stella, Mattia Bergomi, Kristina Zguro, Katia Capitani, Marco Tanfoni, Data collection members, Chiara Fallerini, Sergio Daga, Margherita Baldassarri, Francesca Fava, Elisa Frullanti, Floriana Valentino, Gabriella Doddato, Annarita Giliberti, Rossella Tita, Sara Amitrano, Mirella Bruttini, Susanna Croci, Ilaria Meloni, Maria Antonietta Mencarelli, Caterina Lo Rizzo, Anna Maria Pinto, Giada Beligni, Andréa Tommasi, Laura Di Sarno, Maria Palmieri, Miriam Lucia Carriero, Diana Alaverdian, Nicola Iuso, G. Inchingolo, Stefano Busani, Raffaele Bruno, Marco Vecchia, Mary Ann Belli, Stefania Mantovani, Serena Ludovisi, Eugenia Quirós-Roldán, Melania Degli Antoni, Isabella Zanella, Matteo Siano, Arianna Emiliozzi, Massimiliano Fabbiani, Barbara Rossetti, Giacomo Zanelli, Laura Bergantini, Miriana d’Alessandro, Paolo Cameli, David Bennet, Federico Anedda, Simona Marcantonio, Sabino Scolletta, Susanna Guerrini, Edoardo Conticini, Bruno Frediani, Chiara Spertilli, Alice Donati, Luca Guidelli, Marta Corridi, Leonardo Croci, Paolo Piacentini, Elena Desanctis, Silvia Cappelli, Agnese Verzuri, Valentina Anemoli, Alessandro Pancrazi, Maria Lorubbio, Esther Merlini, Federica Gaia Miraglia, Sophie Venturelli, Andrea Cossarizza, Alessandra Vergori, Arianna Gabrieli, Agostino Riva, Francesco Paciosi, Francesca Andretta, Francesca Gatti, Saverio Giuseppe Parisi, Stefano Baratti, Carmelo Piscopo, Roberta Russo, Immacolata Andolfo, Achille Iolascon, Massimo Carella, Giuseppe Merla, Gabriella Maria Squeo, Pamela Raggi, Carmen Marciano, Rita Perna, Matteo Bassetti, Maurizio Sanguinetti, Alessia Giorli, Lorenzo Salerni, Pierpaolo Parravicini, E. Menatti, Tullio Trotta, Gabriella Coiro, Fabio Lena, Enrico Martinelli, Sandro Mancarella, Chiara Gabbi, F Maggiolo, Diego Ripamonti, Tiziana Bachetti, Claudia Suardi, Gianfranco Parati, Giordano Bottà, Paolo Di Domenico, Ilaria Rancan, Francesco Paolo Bianchi, Riccardo Colombo, Genes & Health, Analysis team leader, David A. van Heel, Data collection leader, Karen A. Hunt, Admin team leader, Richard C. Trembath, Analysis team members, Qin Qin Huang, Hilary C. Martin, Data collection members, Dan Mason, Bhavi Trivedi, John Wright, Admin team members, Sarah Finer, Chris Griffiths, Shaheen Akhtar, Mohammad Anwar, Elena Arciero, Samina Ashraf, Gerome Breen, Raymond T. Chung, Charles Curtis, Maharun Chowdhury, Grainne Colligan, Panos Deloukas, Ceri Durham, Sarah Finer, Chris Griffiths, Qin Qin Huang, Matt Hurles, Karen A. Hunt, Shapna Hussain, Kamrul Islam, Ahsan Ali Khan, Amara Khan, Cath Lavery, Sang Hyuck Lee, Robin G. Lerner, Daniel G. MacArthur, Bev MacLaughlin, Hilary C. Martin, Dan Mason, Shefa Miah, Bill Newman, Nishat Safa, Farah Tahmasebi, Richard C. Trembath, Bhavi Trivedi, David A. van Heel, John Wright, Genes for Good, Analysis team leader, Albert V. Smith, Data collection members, Andrew P. Boughton, Kevin Li, Jonathon LeFaive, Aubrey Annis, Genetic determinants of COVID-19 complications in the Brazilian population, Analysis team leader, Data collection leader, Cinthia Elim Jannes, Admin team leaders, José Eduardo Krieger, Alexandre C. Pereira, Analysis team members, Mariliza Velho, Emanuelle Marques, Data collection members, Isabella Ramos Lima, Maurício Teruo Tada, Karina Ramos Valino, Genetic influences on severity of COVID-19 illness in Korea, Analysis team leaders, Mark I. McCarthy, Carrie M. Rosenberger, Data collection leader, Jong Eun Lee, Analysis team members, Diana Chang, Christian Hammer, Julie Hunkapiller, Anubha Mahajan, Sarah A. Pendergrass, Lara E. Sucheston‐Campbell, Brian L. Yaspan, Data collection members, Hyun Soo Lee, Eun‐Soon Shin, Hye Yoon Jang, Sunmie Kim, Sungmin Kym, Kim Ys, Hyeongseok Jeong, Ki Tae Kwon, Shin‐Woo Kim, Jin Yong Kim, Young Rock Jang, Hyun Ah Kim, Ji Yeon Lee, Jeong Eun Lee, Shinwon Lee, Kang Won Choe, Yu Min Kang, Sun Ha Jee, Keum Ji Jung, Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2host genetics in coronavirus disease, Data collection leaders, Victoria N. Parikh, Euan A. Ashley, Matthew T. Wheeler, Manuel A. Rivas, Carlos D. Bustamante, Benjamin A Pinksy, Phillip G. Febbo, Kyle Kai‐How Farh, Gary P. Schroth, Francis deSouza, Admin team leaders, Karen Dalton, Jeffrey W. Christle, Analysis team members, Christopher DeBoever, Sándor Szalma, Yosuke Tanigawa, Simone Rubinacci, Olivier Delaneau, Data collection members, John E. Gorzynski, H. De Jong, Shirley Sutton, Nathan Youlton, Ruchi Joshi, David Jimenez‐Morales, Christopher W. Hughes, David Amar, Alex Ioannidis, Steven G. Hershman, Anna Kirillova, Kinya Seo, Yong Huang, Massa J. Shoura, Nathan Hammond, Nathaniel Watson, Archana N. Raja, ChunHong Huang, Malaya K. Sahoo, Hannah Wang, Admin team member, Jimmy Zhen, Genotek COVID-19 study, Analysis team leader, Alexander Rakitko, Admin team leader, Valery Ilinsky, Analysis team members, Danat Yermakovich, Iaroslav Popov, Alexander Chernitsov, Elena Kovalenko, Anna Krasnenko, Nikolay Plotnikov, И.Ф. Стеценко, Anna Kim, Helix & Healthy Nevada Project Exome+ COVID-19 Phenotypes, Analysis team leader, Elizabeth T. Cirulli, Analysis team members, Kelly M. Schiabor Barrett, Alexandre Bolze, Simon White, Nicole Washington, James T. Lu, Data collection members, Stephen Riffle, Francisco Tanudjaja, X. Wang, Jimmy M. Ramirez, Nicole Leonetti, Efren Sandoval, Iva Neveux, Shaun Dabe, Joseph J. Grzymski, 24Genetics & IdiPaz Genomic Variants associated to COVID-19 infection outcome, Analysis team leader, Juan Ignacio Esteban Miñano, Data collection leader, Luis A. Aguirre, Admin team leader, Eduardo López‐Collazo, Analysis team members, Manuel de la Mata Pazos, Luciano Cerrato, Lasse Folkersen, Data collection members, Roberto Lozano‐Rodríguez, José Avendaño‐Ortiz, Verónica Terrón Arcos, Karla Montalbán‐Hernández, Jaime Valentín Quiroga, Alejandro Pascual‐Iglesias, Admin team members, Charbel Maroun‐Eid, Alejandro Martín‐Quirós, Japan Coronavirus Taskforce, Analysis team leaders, Ho Namkoong, Yukinori Okada, Seiya Imoto, Data collection leaders, Kazuhiko Katayama, Koichi Fukunaga, Yuko Kitagawa, Toshiro Sato, Naoki Hasegawa, Atsushi Kumanogoh, Akinori Kimura, Masumi Ai, Katsushi Tokunaga, Admin team leaders, Takanori Kanai, Satoru Miyano, Seishi Ogawa, Analysis team members, Ryuya Edahiro, Kyuto Sonehara, Yuya Shirai, Masahiro Kanai, Data collection members, Makoto Ishii, Hiroki Kabata, Katsunori Masaki, Hirofumi Kamata, Shinnosuke Ikemura, Shotaro Chubachi, Satoshi Okamori, Hideki Terai, Hiromu Tanaka, Atsuho Morita, Ho Lee, Takanori Asakura, Junichi Sasaki, Hiroshi Morisaki, Yoshifumi Uwamino, Kosaku Nanki, Yohei Mikami, Kazunori Tomono, Kazuto Kato, Fumihiko Matsuda, Meiko Takahashi, Nobuyuki Hizawa, Yoshito Takeda, Haruhiko Hirata, Takayuki Shiroyama, Satoru Miyawaki, Ken Suzuki, Yuichi Maeda, Takuro Nii, Yoshimi Noda, Takayuki Niitsu, Yuichi Adachi, Takatoshi Enomoto, Saori Amiya, Reina Hara, Kunihiko Takahashi, Tatsuhiko Anzai, Takanori Hasegawa, Satoshi Ito, Ryuji Koike, Akifumi Endo, Yuji Uchimura, Yasunari Miyazaki, Takayuki Honda, Tomoya Tateishi, Shuji Tohda, Naoya Ichimura, Kazunari Sonobe, Chihiro Tani Sassa, Jun Nakajima, Yasuhito Nannya, Yosuke Omae, Kazuhisa Takahashi, Norihiro Harada, Makoto Hiki, Haruhi Takagi, Ai Nakamura, Etsuko Tagaya, Masatoshi Kawana, Ken Arimura, Takashi Ishiguro, Noboru Takayanagi, Taisuke Isono, Yotaro Takaku, Kenji Takano, Ryusuke Anan, Yukiko Nakajima, Yasushi Nakano, Kazumi Nishio, Soichiro Ueda, Reina Hayashi, Hiroki Tateno, Isano Hase, Shuichi Yoshida, Shoji Suzuki, Keiko Mitamura, Fumitake Saito, Tetsuya Ueda, Masanori Azuma, Tadao Nagasaki, Yoshinori Yasui, Yoshinori Hasegawa, Yoshikazu Mutoh, Takashi Yoshiyama, Tomohisa Shoko, Mitsuaki Kojima, Tomohiro Adachi, Motonao Ishikawa, Kenichiro Takahashi, Kazuyoshi Watanabe, Tadashi Manabe, Fumimaro Ito, Takahiro Fukui, Yohei Funatsu, Hidefumi Koh, Yoshihiro Hirai, Hidetoshi Kawashima, Atsuya Narita, Kazuki Niwa, Yoshiyuki Sekikawa, Fukuki Saito, Kazuhisa Yoshiya, Tomoyuki Yoshihara, Yusuke Suzuki, Sohei Nakayama, Keita Masuzawa, Koichi Nishi, Masaru Nishitsuji, Maiko Tani, Takashi Inoue, Toshiyuki Hirano, Keigo Kobayashi, Naoki Miyazawa, Yasuhiro Kimura, Reiko Sado, Takashi Ogura, Hideya Kitamura, Kota Murohashi, Ichiro Nakachi, Rie Baba, Daisuke Arai, Satoshi Fuke, Hiroshi Saito, Naota Kuwahara, Akiko Fujiwara, Takenori Okada, Tomoya Baba, Junya Noda, Shuko Mashimo, Kazuma Yagi, Tetsuya Shiomi, Mizuha Hashiguchi, Toshio Odani, Takao Mochimaru, Yoshitaka Oyamada, N. Môri, Namiki Izumi, Kaoru Nagata, Reiko Taki, Koji Murakami, Mitsuhiro Yamada, Hisatoshi Sugiura, Kentarō Hayashi, Tetsuo Shimizu, Yasuhiro Gon, Shigeki Fujitani, Tomoya Tsuchida, Toru Yoshida, Takashi Kagaya, Toshiyuki Kita, Satoru Sakagami, Yoshifumi Kimizuka, Akihiko Kawana, Yoshihiko Nakamura, Hiroyasu Ishikura, Tohru Takata, Takahide Kikuchi, Daisuke Taniyama, Morio Nakamura, Nobuhiro Kodama, Yasunari Kaneyama, Shunsuke Maeda, Yoji Nagasaki, Masaki Okamoto, Sayoko Ishihara, Akihiro Ito, Yusuke Chihara, Mayumi Takeuchi, Keisuke Onoi, Naozumi Hashimoto, Keiko Wakahara, Akira Ando, Makoto Masuda, Aya Wakabayashi, Hiroki Watanabe, Hisako Sageshima, Taka‐aki Nakada, Ryuzo Abe, Tadanaga Shimada, Kodai Kawamura, Kazuya Ichikado, Kenta Nishiyama, Masaki Yamasaki, Satoru Hashimoto, Yu Kusaka, Takehiko Ohba, Susumu Isogai, Minoru Takada, Hidenori Kanda, Yuko Komase, Fumiaki Sano, Koichiro Asano, Tsuyoshi Oguma, Masahiro Harada, Takeshi Takahashi, Takayuki Shibusawa, Shinji Abe, Yuta Kono, Yuki Togashi, Takehiro Izumo, Minoru Inomata, Nobuyasu Awano, Shinichi Ogawa, Tomouki Ogata, Shoichiro Ishihara, Arihiko Kanehiro, Shinji Ozaki, Yasuko Fuchimoto, Yuichiro Kitagawa, Shozo Yoshida, Shinji Ogura, Kei Nishiyama, Kousuke Yoshida, Satoru Beppu, Satoru Fukuyama, Yoshihiro Eriguchi, Akiko Yonekawa, Yoshiaki Inoue, Kunihiro Yamagata, Shigeru Chiba, Osamu Narumoto, Hideaki Nagai, Nobuharu Ooshima, Mitsuru Motegi, Hironori Sagara, Akihiko Tanaka, Shin Ohta, Yoko Shibata, Yoshinori Tanino, Yuki Sato, Yuichiro Yamada, Takuya Hashino, Masato Shinoki, Hajime Iwagoe, Tomonori Imamura, Akira Umeda, Hisato Shimada, Mayu Endo, Shinichi Hayashi, Mai Takahashi, Shigefumi Nakano, Masakiyo Yatomi, Toshitaka Maeno, Tomoo Ishii, Mitsuyoshi Utsugi, Akihiro Ono, Kensuke Kanaoka, Shôichi Ihara, Kiyoshi Komuta, Lifelines, Analysis team leader, Lude Franke, Data collection leader, Marike Boezen, Analysis team members, Annique Claringbould, Esteban Lopera, Robert Warmerdam, Judith M. Vonk, Irene V. van Blokland, Data collection members, Pauline Lanting, Anil P. S. Ori, Data collection members, Ma’en Obeidat, Ana I. Hernández Cordero, Don D. Sin, Yohan Bossé, Philippe Joubert, Ke Hao, David C. Nickle, Wim Timens, Maarten van den Berge, Mass General Brigham-Host Vulnerability to COVID-19, Analysis team leaders, Yen‐Chen Anne Feng, Josep M. Mercader, Data collection leaders, Scott T. Weiss, Elizabeth W. Karlson, Jordan W. Smoller, Shawn N. Murphy, James B. Meigs, Ann E. Woolley, Admin team leader, Robert C. Green, Data collection member, Emma Perez, Michigan Genomics Initiative (MGI), Analysis team leader, Brooke Wolford, Admin team leader, Sebastian Zöllner, Analysis team members, Jiongming Wang, Andrew F. Beck, Mount Sinai Health System COVID-19 Genomics Initiative, Analysis team leader, Laura Sloofman, Data collection leaders, Steven Ascolillo, Robert Sebra, Brett Collins, Tess Levy, Admin team leaders, Stuart C. Sealfon, Analysis team members, Daniel M. Jordan, Ryan C. Thompson, Kyle Gettler, Kumardeep Chaudhary, Gillian M. Belbin, Michael Preuß, Clive Hoggart, Sam Choi, Slayton J. Underwood, Data collection members, Irene Salib, Bari Britvan, Katherine Keller, Lara Tang, Michael Peruggia, Liam L. Hiester, Kristi Niblo, Alexandra Aksentijevich, Alexander Labkowsky, Avrohom Karp, Menachem Zlatopolsky, Marissa Zyndorf, Admin team members, Alexander W. Charney, Noam D. Beckmann, Eric E. Schadt, Noura S. Abul‐Husn, Judy H. Cho, Yuval Itan, Eimear E. Kenny, Ruth J. F. Loos, Girish N. Nadkarni, Ron Do, Paul F. O’Reilly, Laura M. Huckins, MyCode Health Initiative, Analysis team leaders, Manuel A. R. Ferreira, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Data collection leaders, Joseph B. Leader, Michael Cantor, Admin team leaders, Anne E. Justice, Dave J. Carey, Analysis team members, Geetha Chittoor, Navya Shilpa Josyula, Jack A. Kosmicki, Julie Horowitz, Aris Baras, Data collection members, Matthew C. Gass, Ashish Yadav, Admin team member, Tooraj Mirshahi, Netherlands Twin Register, Analysis team leader, Jouke Jan Hottenga, Data collection leader, Meike Bartels, Admin team leader, Eco J. C. de Geus, Analysis team member, Michel G. Nivard, Penn Medicine Biobank, Analysis team leaders, Anurag Verma, Marylyn D. Ritchie, Admin team leader, Daniel J. Rader, Analysis team members, Binglan Li, Shefali S. Verma, Anastasia Lucas, Yuki Bradford, Population controls, Analysis team leader, Federico Zara, Analysis team members, Vincenzo Salpietro, Marcello Scala, Michele Iacomino, Paolo Scudieri, Renata Bocciardi, Data collection members, Carlo Minetti, Antonella Riva, Maria Stella Vari, Jean‐François Rahier, Elisa Giorgio, Diana Carli, Data collection leaders, Edouad Louis, Cynthia M. Bulik, Mikael Landén, Alfredo Brusco, Giovanni Battista Ferrero, Admin team leaders, Francesca Madia, Bengt T. Fundín, Qatar Genome Program, Analysis team leader, Data collection leader, Said I. Ismail, Analysis team members, Chadi Saad, Yaser Al-Sarraj, Data collection members, Radja Badji, Wadha Al‐Muftah, Asma Al Thani, Nahla Afifi, Study of the COVID-19 host genetics in the population of Latvia, Analysis team leader, Jānis Kloviņš, Data collection leader, Vita Rovīte, Analysis team members, Raimonds Reščenko, Raitis Pečulis, Data collection member, Monta Ustinova, The genetic predisposition to severe COVID-19, Analysis team leader, Data collection leader, Hugo Zeberg, Analysis team members, Data collection members, Robert Frithiof, Michael Hultström, Miklós Lipcsey, UCLA Precision Health COVID-19 Host Genomics Biobank, Analysis team leader, Ruth Johnson, Data collection leader, UCLA Health ATLAS & Data Mart Working Group*, UCLA Health ATLAS & Data Mart Working Group, Daniel H. Geschwind, Admin team leaders, Nelson B. Freimer, Manish J. Butte, Daniel H. Geschwind, Bogdan Paşaniuc, Analysis team members, Yi Ding, Alec Chiu, Timothy S. Chang, Paul C. Boutros, UK 100,000 Genomes Project (Genomics England), Analysis team leader, Loukas Moutsianas, Data collection leaders, Mark J. Caulfield, Richard H. Scott, Analysis team members, Susan Walker, Alexander Stuckey, Christopher A. Odhams, Daniel R. Rhodes, Data collection members, Tom Fowler, Augusto Rendon, G. C. Chan, Prabhu Arumugam, UK Biobank, Analysis team leaders, Konrad J. Karczewski, Daniel J. Wilson, Chris Spencer, Data collection leaders, Derrick W. Crook, David Wyllie, Anne Marie O’Connell, Admin team leader, Analysis team members, Elizabeth G. Atkinson, Masahiro Kanai, Kristin Tsuo, Nikolas Baya, Patrick Turley, Rahul Gupta, Raymond K. Walters, Duncan S. Palmer, Gopal Sarma, Matthew Solomonson, Nathan Cheng, Wenhan Lu, Claire Churchhouse, Jacqueline I. Goldstein, Daniel L. King, Cotton Seed, Mark J. Daly, Benjamin M. Neale, Sam Bryant, F. Kyle Satterstrom, Gavin Band, Sarah G. Earle, Shang‐Kuan Lin, Nicolas Arning, Data collection members, Jacob Armstrong, Justine Rudkin, Admin team members, Shawneequa Callier, Sam Bryant, Caroline Cusick, UK Blood Donors Cohort, Analysis team leaders, Nicole Soranzo, Jing Hua Zhao, Data collection leaders, John Danesh, Emanuele Di Angelantonio, Analysis team member, Adam S. Butterworth, VA Million Veteran Program (MVP), Analysis team leaders, Yan V. Sun, Jennifer E. Huffman, Data collection leader, Kelly Cho, Admin team leaders, Christopher J. O’Donnell, Philip S. Tsao, J. Michael Gaziano, Analysis team member, Gina M. Peloso, Data collection member, Yuk‐Lam Ho, Val Gardena, Analysis team leader, Data collection leader, Michael Mian, Data collection member, Federica Scaggiante, Admin team members, CHOP_CAG, Xiao Chang, Joseph R. Glessner, Håkon Håkonarson, GenOMICC/ISARIC4C, Data collection leaders, Peter J. McGuigan, Luke Moore, Marcela P. Vizcaychipi, Kathryn Hall, Andy Campbell, Ailstair Nichol, Geraldine Ward, Valérie Page, Malcolm G. Semple, Kayode Adeniji, Daniel Agranoff, Ken Agwuh, Dhiraj Ail, Erin L. Aldera, Ana Alegria, Brian Angus, Abdul Ashish, Dougal Atkinson, Shahedal Bari, Gavin Barlow, Stella Barnass, Nicholas Barrett, Christopher Bassford, Sneha Basude, David Baxter, Michael Beadsworth, Jolanta Bernatoniene, John C. Berridge, Nicola Best, Pieter Bothma, David Chadwick, Robin Brittain-Long, Naomi Bulteel, Tom Burden, Andrew Burtenshaw, Vikki Caruth, Duncan Chambler, Nigel Chee, Jenny Child, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Tom Clark, Paul Collini, Catherine Cosgrove, Jason Cupitt, Maria-Teresa Cutino-Moguel, Paul Dark, Chris Dawson, Samir Dervisevic, Phil Donnison, Sam Douthwaite, Andrew Drummond, Ingrid DuRand, Ahilanadan Dushianthan, Tristan Dyer, Cariad Evans, Chi Eziefula, Chris Fegan, Adam Finn, Duncan Fullerton, Sanjeev Garg, Atul Garg, Effrossyni Gkrania‐Klotsas, Jo Godden, Arthur Goldsmith, Clive Graham, Elaine Hardy, Stuart Hartshorn, Daniel Harvey, Peter Havalda, Daniel B. Hawcutt, Maria Hobrok, Luke Hodgson, Anil Hormis, Michael Jacobs, Susan Jain, Paul B. Jennings, Agilan Kaliappan, Vidya Kasipandian, Stephen Kegg, Michael Kelsey, Jason Kendall, Caroline Kerrison, Ian Kerslake, Oliver Koch, Gouri Koduri, George Koshy, Shondipon Laha, Steven Laird, Susan Larkin, Tamás Leiner, Patrick Lillie, James Limb, Vanessa Linnett, Jeff Little, Mark D Lyttle, Michael MacMahon, Emily MacNaughton, Ravish Mankregod, Huw Masson, Elijah Matovu, Katherine McCullough, Ruth McEwen, Manjula Meda, Gary Mills, Jane Minton, Karl Ward, Mariyam Mirfenderesky, Kavya Mohandas, Quen Mok, James Moon, Elinoor Moore, Patrick Morgan, Craig F. Morris, Katherine Mortimore, Samuel Moses, Mbiye Mpenge, Rohinton Mulla, Michael Murphy, Megan Nagel, Thapas Nagarajan, Mark Nelson, Matthew K. O’Shea, Igor Otahal, Marlies Ostermann, Mark Pais, Selva Panchatsharam, Danai Papakonstantinou, Hassan Paraiso, Brij Patel, Natalie Pattison, Justin Pepperell, Mark Peters, Mandeep Phull, Stefania Pintus, Jagtur Singh Pooni, Frank A. Post, David Price, Rachel Prout, Nikolas Rae, Henrik Reschreiter, Tim Reynolds, Neil Richardson, Mark Roberts, Devender Roberts, Alistair Rose, Guy Rousseau, Brendan Ryan, Taranprit Saluja, Aarti Shah, Prad Shanmuga, Anil Kumar Sharma, Anna Shawcross, Jeremy Sizer, Manu Shankar-Hari, Richard Smith, Catherine Snelson, Nick Spittle, Nikki Staines, Tom Stambach, Richard Stewart, Pradeep Subudhi, Tamas Szakmany, Kate Tatham, J. Regan Thomas, Chris Thompson, Robert W. Thompson, Ascanio Tridente, Darell Tupper-Carey, Mary Twagira, Andrew Ustianowski, Nick Vallotton, Lisa Vincent-Smith, Shico Visuvanathan, Alan Vuylsteke, Sam Waddy, Rachel Wake, Andrew Walden, Ingeborg Welters, Tony Whitehouse, Paul Whittaker, Ashley Whittington, Padmasayee Papineni, Meme Wijesinghe, Martin A. K. Williams, Lawrence Wilson, Sarah Cole, Stephen Winchester, Martin Wiselka, Adam Wolverson, Daniel G Wooton, Andrew Workman, Bryan Yates, P. A. Young, Analysis team members, Rupert Beale, Andrew D. Bretherick, Sara Clohisey, Max Head Fourman, James Furniss, Elvina Gountouna, Graeme R. Grimes, Chris Haley, David A Harrison, Caroline Hayward, Seán Keating, Lucija Klarić, Paul Klenerman, Andy Law, Alison Meynert, Jonathan Millar, Erola Pairo‐Castineira, Nick Parkinson, Chris P. Ponting, David J. Porteous, Konrad Rawlik, Anne Richmond, Kathy Rowan, Clark D. Russell, Richard H. Scott, Xia Shen, Barbara Shih, Albert Tenesa, Véronique Vitart, Bo Wang, James F. Wilson, Yang Wu, Jian Yang, Zhijian Yang, Marie Zechner, Ranran Zhai, Chenqing Zheng, Lisa Norman, Riinu Pius, Thomas M Drake, Cameron J. Fairfield, Stephen R Knight, Kenneth A McLean, Derek Murphy, Catherine A. Shaw, Jo Ann Dalton, Michelle Girvan, Egle Saviciute, Stephanie Roberts, Janet Harrison, Laura Marsh, Marie Connor, Sophie Halpin, Clare Jackson, Carrol Gamble, Gary Leeming, Andrew Law, Murray Wham, Ross Hendry, James Scott-Brown, Data collection members, Colin B. Begg, Charles Hinds, Antonia Ho, Peter Horby, Julian C. Knight, Lowell Ling, David M. Maslove, Danny McAuley, Hugh Montgomery, Alistair Nichol, Peter Openshaw, Malcolm G. Semple, Manu Shankar‐Hari, Charlotte Summers, Timothy Walsh, Lisa Armstrong, Hayley Bates, Emma Dooks, Fiona Farquhar, Brigid Hairsine, Colm McParland, Sophie Packham, Zoe Alldis, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Fatima Bibi, Jack Biddle, Sarah Blow, Matthew L. Bolton, Catherine Borra, Ruth Bowles, Maudrian Burton, Yasmin Choudhury, David Collier, Amber Cox, Amy Easthope, Patrizia Ebano, Stavros Fotiadis, Jana Gurasashvili, Rosslyn Halls, Pippa Hartridge, Delordson Kallon, Jamila Kassam, Ivone Lancoma-Malcolm, Maninderpal Matharu, P. May, Oliver Mitchelmore, Tabitha Newman, Mital Patel, Jane Pheby, Irene Pinzuti, Zoe Prime, Oleksandra Prysyazhna, Julian Shiel, Melanie Taylor, Carey Tierney, S. M. Wood, Anne Zak, Olivier Zongo, Miranda Forsey, Agilan Kaliappan, Anne Nicholson, Joanne Riches, Mark Vertue, Christopher W. Wasson, Stephanie Finn, Jackie Green, Erin Collins, Bernadette King, Lina Grauslyte, Musarat Hussain, Mandeep Phull, Tatiana Pogreban, Lace Rosaroso, Erika Šalčiūtė, George R. Franke, Joanna Wong, Aparna George, Louise Akeroyd, Shereen Bano, Matt Bromley, Lucy Gurr, Tom Lawton, James P. Morgan, Kirsten Sellick, Deborah Warren, Brian J. Wilkinson, Janet McGowan, Camilla Ledgard, Amelia Stacey, Kate Pye, Ruth Bellwood, Michael J. Bentley, Maria Hobrok, Ronda Loosley, Heather McGuinness, Helen Tench, Rebecca Wolf-Roberts, Sian Gibson, Amanda Lyle, Fiona McNeela, Jayachandran Radhakrishnan, Alistair Hughes, Asifa Ali, Megan Brady, Sam Dale, Annalisa Dance, Lisa Gledhill, Jill Greig, Kathryn Hanson, Kelly Holdroyd, Marie Home, Diane Kelly, Ross Kitson, Lear Matapure, D. Salas y Mélia, Samantha Mellor, Tonicha Nortcliffe, Jez Pinnell, Matthew K. Robinson, Lisa Shaw, Ryan Shaw, Lesley Thomis, Alison Wilson, Tracy Wood, Lee-Ann Bayo, Ekta Merwaha, Tahira Ishaq, Sarah Hanley, David Antcliffe, Dorota Banach, Stephen J. Brett, Phoebe Coghlan, Ziortza Fernandez, Anthony Gordon, Roceld Rojo, Sonia Sousa Arias, Maie Templeton, Rajeev Jha, Vinodh Krishnamurthy, Lai Lim, Rehana Bi, Barney Scholefield, Lydia Ashton, Alison S. Williams, Claire Cheyne, Anne Saunderson, Angela Allan, Felicity Anderson, Callum Kaye, Jade Liew, Jasmine Medhora, Teresa Scott, Erin Trumper, Adriana Botello, Petra Polgarova, Katerina Stroud, Eoghan Meaney, Megan Jones, Anthony Ng, Shruti Agrawal, Nazima Pathan, Deborah L. White, Esther Daubney, Kay Elston, Robert S. Parker, Amie Reddy, Ian Turner-Bone, Laura Wilding, Peter Harding, Reni Jacob, Cathy Jones, Craig Denmade, Maria Croft, Ian White, Li Hong Idris Lim, Denise Griffin, Nycola Muchenje, McDonald Mupudzi, Richard Partridge, Jo-Anna Conyngham, Rachel Thomas, Mary Wright, Maria Alvarez Corral, Victoria Bastion, Daphene Clarke, Beena David, Harriet Kent, Rachel Lorusso, Gamu Lubimbi, Sophie Murdoch, Melchizedek Penacerrada, Alastair Thomas, Jennifer Valentine, Ana Vochin, Retno Wulandari, Brice Djeugam, Joy Dawson, Sweyn Garrioch, Melanie Tolson, Jonathan Aldridge, Laura Gomes de Almeida Martins, Jaime Carungcong, Sarah Beavis, Katie Dale, Rachel Gascoyne, Joanne Hawes, Kelly Pritchard, Lesley Stevenson, Amanda Whileman, Anne Cowley, Judith Highgate, Rikki Crawley, Abigail Crew, Mishell Cunningham, Allison Daniels, L. Harrison, Susan Hope, Ken Inweregbu, Siân Jones, Nicola Lancaster, Jamie Matthews, Alice Nicholson, Gemma Wray, Leonie Benham, Zena Bradshaw, Joanna Brown, Melanie Caswell, Jason Cupitt, Sarah Melling, Stephen Preston, Nicola Slawson, Emma Stoddard, Scott Warden, Edward Combes, Teishel Joefield, Sonja Monnery, Valerie Beech, Sallyanne Trotman, Bridget Hopkins, James Scriven, Laura Thrasyvoulou, Heather Willis, Susan M. Anderson, Janine Birch, Emma Collins, Kate Hammerton, Ryan O’Leary, C. R. Abernathy, Louise Foster, Andrew Gratrix, Vicky Martinson, Priyai Parkinson, Elizabeth Stones, Llucia Carbral-Ortega, Ritoo Kapoor, David Loader, Karen J. Castle, Craig Brandwood, Lara Smith, Richard E. Clark, Katie Birchall, Laurel Kolakaluri, Deborah L. Baines, Anila Sukumaran, Isheunesu Mapfunde, Megan Meredith, Lucy Morris, Lucy Ryan, Amy Clark, Julia Sampson, Cecilia Peters, Martin Dent, Margaret Langley, Saima Ashraf, Shuying Wei, Angela Andrew, Manish Chablani, Amy Kirkby, Kimberley Netherton, Michelle Bates, J Dasgin, Jaspret Gill, Annette Nilsson, James Scriven, Elena Apetri, Cathrine Basikolo, Bethan Blackledge, Laura Catlow, Bethan Charles, Paul Dark, Reece Doonan, Jade Harris, Alice Harvey, Daniel Horner, Karen Knowles, Stephanie J. Lee, Diane Lomas, Chloe Lyons, Tracy Marsden, Danielle McLaughlan, Liam McMorrow, Jessica Pendlebury, Jane Perez, Maria Poulaka, Nicola Proudfoot, Melanie Slaughter, Kathryn Slevin, Melanie Taylor, Vicky Thomas, D. Walker, Angiy Michael, Matthew Collis, Martyn Clark, M Coulding, Edward B. Jude, Jacqueline McCormick, Oliver Mercer, Darsh Potla, Hafiz Muhammad Rehman, Heather Savill, Victoria Turner, Miriam Davey, David B.K. Golden, Rebecca Seaman, Jodie Hunt, Joy Dearden, Emma Dobson, Michelle Mulcahy, Sheila Munt, Gráinne O’Connor, Jennifer Philbin, Chloe Rishton, Redmond Tully, Sarah Winnard, Lenka Cagova, Adama Fofano, Lucie Garner, Helen Holcombe, Sue Mepham, Alice Michael Mitchell, Lucy Mwaura, Krithivasan Praman, Alain Vuylsteke, Julie Zamikula, Georgia Bercades, David Brealey, Ingrid Hass, Niall MacCallum, Gladys Martir, Eamon Raith, Anna Reyes, Deborah Smyth, Abigail Taylor, Rachel Anne Hughes, Helen Thomas, A.R. Rees, Michaela Dušková, Janet Phipps, Suzanne Brooks, Michelle Edwards, Peter Alexander, Schvearn Allen, Joanne Bradley-Potts, Craig Brantwood, Jasmine Egan, Timothy Felton, Grace Padden, Luke Ward, Stuart Moss, Susannah Glasgow, Kate Beesley, Sarah Board, Agnieszka Kubisz-Pudelko, Alison Lewis, Jess Perry, Lucy Pippard, Di Wood, Clare Buckley, Alison Brown, Jane Gregory, Susan O’Çonnell, Timothy F. Smith, Zakaula Belagodu, Bridget Fuller, Anca Gherman, Olumide Olufuwa, Remi Paramsothy, Carmel Stuart, Naomi Oakley, Charlotte Kamundi, David Tyl, Katy Collins, Pedro Silva, June S. Taylor, Laura King, Charlotte Coates, Maria Crowley, Phillipa Wakefield, Jane Beadle, Laura Johnson, Janet Sargeant, Madeleine Anderson, Catherine Jardine, Dewi Williams, Victoria Parris, Sheena Quaid, Ekaterina Watson, Julie Melville, Jay Naisbitt, Rosane Joseph, Maria Lazo, Olivia Walton, Alan Neal, Michaela Hill, Thogulava Kannan, Laura Wild, Elizabeth Allan, Kate Darlington, Ffyon Davies, Jack Easton, Sumit Kumar, Richard Lean, Daniel Menzies, Richard Pugh, Xinyi Qiu, Llinos Davies, Hannah Williams, Jeremy Scanlon, Gwyneth A. Davies, Callum Mackay, Joannne Lewis, Stephanie Rees, Samantha Coetzee, Alistair Gales, Igor Otahal, Meena Raj, Craig Sell, Helen Langton, Rachel Prout, Malcolm Watters, Catherine Novis, Gill Arbane, Aneta Bociek, Sara Campos, Neus Grau, Tim Jones, Rosario Lim, Martina Marotti, Marlies Ostermann, Manu Shankar-Hari, R. Chris Whitton, Anthony Barron, Ciara Collins, Sundeep Kaul, Heather Passmore, Claire Prendergast, Anna Reed, Paula Rogers, Rajvinder Shokkar, Meriel Woodruff, Hayley Middleton, Oliver Polgar, Claire M. Nolan, Vicky Thwaites, Kanta Mahay, Chunda Sri-Chandana, Joslan Scherewode, Lorraine Stephenson, Sarah Marsh, Hollie Bancroft, Mary Bellamy, Margaret Carmody, Jacqueline Daglish, Faye Moore, Joanne Rhodes, Mirriam Sangombe, Salma Kadiri, James Scriven, Amanda Ayers, Dean Harris, Julie North, Anna Cavazza, Maeve Cockrell, Eleanor Corcoran, Maria Depante, Clare Finney, Ellen Jerome, Mark McPhail, Monalisa Nayak, Harriet Noble, Kevin O’Reilly, Evita Pappa, Rohit Saha, Sian Saha, John Smith, Abigail Knighton, Mandy Gill, Paul Paul, Valli Ratnam, Sarah Shelton, Inez Wynter, David Baptista, Rebecca Crowe, Rita Fernandes, Rosaleen Herdman-Grant, Anna Joseph, Adam Loveridge, India McKenley, Eriko Morino, Andrés Naranjo, Richard Simms, Kathryn Sollesta, Andrew Swain, Harish Venkatesh, Jacyntha Khera, Jonathan Fox, Russell Barber, Claire Hewitt, Annette Hilldrith, Karen Jackson-Lawrence, Sarah Shepardson, Maryanne Wills, Susan Butler, Silvia Tavares, Amy Cunningham, Julia Hindale, Sarwat Arif, Linsha George, Sophie Twiss, David J. Wright, Maureen Holland, Natalie Keenan, Marc Lyons, Helen Wassall, Chris Marsh, Mervin Mahenthran, Emma Carter, Thomas Kong, Oluronke Adanini, Nikhil Bhatia, Maines Msiska, Louise Mew, Esther Mwaura, Richard Stewart, Felicity Williams, Lynn Wren, Sara-Beth Sutherland, Ceri Battle, Elaine Brinkworth, Rachel Harford, Carl Murphy, Luke Newey, Tabitha Rees, Marie Williams, Sophie Arnold, David Brealey, John Hardy, Henry Houlden, Eleanor Moncur, Eamon Raith, Ambreen Tariq, Arianna Tucci, Karen Convery, Deirdre Fottrell-Gould, Lisa Hudig, Jocelyn Keshet-Price, Georgina Randell, Katie Stammers, Marwa Abdelrazik, Dhanalakshmi Bakthavatsalam, Munzir Elhassan, Arunkumar Ganesan, Anne Haldeos, Jerónimo Moreno-Cuesta, Dharam Purohit, Rachel Vincent, Kugan Xavier, Kumar Rohit, Frater Alasdair, Malik Saleem, Carter David, Samuel Jenkins, Zoe Lamond, Alanna Wall, Bryan Yates, Jessica Reynolds, Helen Campbell, Maria Thompsom, Steve Dodds, Stacey Duffy, Deborah Butcher, Susie O’Sullivan, Nicola Butterworth‐Cowin, Bethan Deacon, Meg Hibbert, Carla Pothecary, Dariusz Tetla, Christopher Woodford, Latha Durga, Gareth Kennard-Holden, Laura Ortiz-Ruiz de Gordoa, Emily Peasgood, Claire Phillips, Denise Skinner, Jane Gaylard, Dee Mullan, Julie Newman, Ellie Davies, L Roche, Sonia Sathe, Lutece Brimfield, Zoe Daly, David Pogson, Steve Rose, Amy Collins, Waqas Khaliq, Estefania Treus Gude, Louise Allen, Eva Beranová, Nikki Crisp, Joanne Deery, Tracy Hazelton, Alicia Knight, Carly Price, Sorrell Tilbey, Salah Turki, Sharon Turney, Julian Giles, Simon Booth, Gillian Bell, Katy English, Amro Katary, Louise Wilcox, Rachael Campbell, Noreen Clarke, Jonathan Whiteside, Mairi Mascarenhas, Avril Donaldson, Joanna Matheson, Fiona Barrett, Marianne O’Hara, Laura O’Keefe, Clare Bradley, Dawn Collier, Anil Hormis, Rachel Walker, Victoria Maynard, Tahera Patel, Matthew Smith, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Aayesha Kazi, Janice Hartley, Joseph Dykes, Muhammad Hijazi, Sarah Keith, Meherunnisa Khan, Janet Ryan-Smith, Philippa Springle, Jacqueline Thomas, Nick Truman, Samuel Saad, Dabheoc Coleman, Christopher Fine, Roseanna Matt, Bethan Gay, Jack Dalziel, Syamlan Ali, Drew Goodchild, Rhiannan Harling, Ravi Bhatterjee, Wendy Goddard, Chloe Davison, Stephen Duberly, Jeanette Hargreaves, Rachel Bolton, Shondipon Laha, Mark Verlander, Alexandra Williams, H. Blackman, Ben Creagh-Brown, Sinead Donlon, Natalia Michalak-Glinska, Sheila Mtuwa, Veronika Pristopan, Armorel Salberg, Eleanor Smith, Sarah Stone, Charles Piercy, Jerik Verula, D Burda, Rugia Montaser, Lesley Harden, Irving Mayangao, Cheryl Marriott, Paul Bradley, Celia B. Harris, Joshua Cooper, Cheryl Finch, Sarah Liderth, Alison Quinn, Natalia Waddington, Katy Fidler, Emma Tagliavini, Kevin Donnelly, Lynn Abel, Michael Brett, Brian Digby, Lisa Gemmell, James Hornsby, Patrick MacGoey, Pauline O’Neil, R. Arlen Price, Natalie Rodden, Kevin Rooney, Radha Sundaram, Nicola Thomson, Rebecca C. Flanagan, Gareth Hughes, Scott Latham, Emma McKenna, Jennifer Anderson, Robert Hull, Kat Rhead, Debbie Branney, Jordan Frankham, Sally Pitts, Nigel White, Daniele Cristiano, Natalie Dormand, Zohreh Farzad, Mahitha Gummadi, Kamal Liyanage, Brijesh Patel, Sara Salmi, Geraldine Sloane, Vicky Thwaites, Mathew Varghese, Anelise Catelan Zborowski, Sarah Bean, Karen Burt, Michael Z. Spivey, Christine Eastgate-Jackson, Helder Filipe, Daniel Martín, Amitaa Maharajh, Sara Mingo Garcia, Mark De Neef, Bethan Deacon, Ceri Lynch, Carla Pothecary, L Roche, Gwenllian Sera Howe, Jayaprakash Singh, Keri Turner, Hannah Ellis, Natalie Stroud, Shiney Cherian, Sean Cutler, Anne Emma Heron, Anna Roynon-Reed, Tamas Szakmany, Gemma Williams, Owen Richards, Yusuf Cheema, Norfaizan Ahmad, Joann Barker, Kris Bauchmüller, Sarah Bird, Kay Cawthron, Kate Harrington, Yvonne Jackson, Faith Kibutu, Becky Lenagh, Shamiso Masuko, Gary Mills, Ajay Raithatha, M. D. Wiles, Jayne Willson, Helen Newell, Alison Lye, Lorenza Nwafor, Claire Jarman, Sarah Rowland‐Jones, David Foote, Joby Cole, A. A. Roger Thompson, James Watson, Lisa Hesseldon, Irene Macharia, Luke Chetam, Jacqui Smith, Amber Ford, Samantha Anderson, Kathryn Birchall, Kay Housley, Sara E. Walker, L Milner, Helena Hanratty, Helen Trower, Patrick Phillips, Simon Oxspring, B. Donne, Emily Bevan, Jane Martin, Dawn Trodd, Geoff Watson, Caroline Wrey Brown, Lara Bunni, Claire Jennings, Monica Latif, Rebecca Marshall, Gayathri Subramanian, Nageswar Bandla, Minnie Gellamucho, Michelle Davies, C. C. Thompson, Fiona Trim, Beena Eapen, Cecilia Ahmed, Balvinder Baines, Sarah Clamp, Julie Colley, Risna Haq, Anne Hayes, Jonathan Hulme, Samia Hussain, Sibet Joseph, Rita Kumar, Zahira Maqsood, Manjit Purewal, Ben Chandler, Kerry Elliott, Janine Mallinson, Alison E. Turnbull, Kathy Dent, Elizabeth Horsley, Muhmmad Nauman Akhtar, Sandra Pearson, Dorota Potoczna, Sue Spencer, Hayley Blakemore, Borislava Borislavova, Beverley Faulkner, Emma Gendall, Elizabeth Goff, Kati Hayes, Matt Thomas, Ruth Worner, Kerry Smith, Deanna Stephens, Carlos Castro Delgado, Deborah Dawson, Lijun Ding, Georgia Durrant, Obiageri Ezeobu, Sarah Farnell-Ward, Abiola Harrison, Rebecca Kanu, Susannah Leaver, Elena Maccacari, Soumendu Manna, Romina Pepermans Saluzzio, Joana Queiroz, T Samakomva, Christine Sicat, Joana Texeira, Edna Fernandes Da Gloria, Ana Lisboa, John Rawlins, Jisha Mathew, Ashley Kinch, William James Hurt, Nirav R. Shah, Victoria Clark, Maria Thanasi, Nikki Yun, Kamal Patel, Vikki Crickmore, Gabor Debreceni, Joy Wilkins, Liz Nicol, Iona Burn, Geraldine Hambrook, Katarina Manso, Ruth Penn, Pradeep Shanmugasundaram, Julie Tebbutt, Danielle Thornton, Anthony Rostron, Alistair Roy, Lindsey Woods, Sarah Cornell, Fiona Wakinshaw, Kimberley Rogerson, Jordan Jarmain, Peter H. Anderson, Katie E. Archer, Karen Austin, Caroline Davis, Alison Durie, Olivia Kelsall, Jessica Thrush, Charlie Vigurs, Laura Wild, Hannah-Louise Wood, Helen Tranter, Alison Harrison, Nicholas Cowley, Michael McAlindon, Andrew Burtenshaw, Stephen Digby, Emma Low, Aled Morgan, Naiara Cother, Tobias Rankin, Sarah Clayton, Alex McCurdy, Suzanne Allibone, Roman Mary-Genetu, Vidya Kasipandian, Amit R. Patel, Ainhi Mac, Anthony Murphy, Parisa Mahjoob, Roonak Nazari, Lucy Worsley, Andrew Fagan, Inthakab Ali Mohamed Ali, Karen Beaumont, Mark Blunt, Zoe Coton, Hollie Curgenven, Mohamed Elsaadany, Kay Fernandes, Sameena Mohamed Ally, Harini Rangarajan, Varun Sarathy, Sivarupan Selvanayagam, Dave Vedage, Matthew White, Jaime Fernandez-Roman, David Hamilton, Emily Johnson, Brian Johnston, Maria Lopez Martinez, Suleman Mulla, David Shaw, Alicia Waite, Victoria Waugh, Ingeborg Welters, Karen Williams, Thomas Bemand, Ethel Black, Arnold Dela Rosa, Ryan Howle, Shaman Jhanji, Ravishankar Rao Baikady, Kate Tatham, Benjamin Thomas, Matthew Halkes, Pauline Mercer, Lorraine Thornton, Joe West, Tracy Baird, Jim Ruddy, Rosie Reece-Anthony, Mark Birt, Amanda Cowton, Andrea Kay, Melanie Kent, Kathryn Potts, Ami Wilkinson, Suzanne Naylor, Ellen Brown, Michele Clark, Sarah Purvis, Jade Cole, Michelle Davies, Rhys Davies, Donna Duffin, Helen Hill, Ben Player, Emma Thomas, Angharad Williams, Claire Beith, Karen Black, Suzanne Clements, Alan Morrison, Dominic Strachan, Margaret Taylor, Michelle Clarkson, Stuart D’Sylva, K. Norman, Tina Coventry, Susan A. Fowler, Michael MacMahon, Amanda McGregor, Ailbhe Brady, Rebekah Chan, Jeff Little, Shane McIvor, Helena Prady, Helen Whittle, Bijoy Mathew, Melanie Clapham, Rosemary Harper, Una Poultney, Polly Rice, Timothy F. Smith, Rachel Mutch, Yolanda Baird, Aaron Butler, Indra Chadbourn, Linda Folkes, Heather Fox, Amy Gardner, Raquel Gomez, Gillian Hobden, Luke Hodgson, Kirsten King, Michael Margarson, Tim Martindale, Emma Meadows, Dana Raynard, Yvette Thirlwall, David Helm, Jordi Margalef, Sandra Greer, Karen Shuker, Ascanio Tridente, Sara Smuts, Joseph Duffield, Oliver Smith, Lewis Mallon, Watkins Claire, Isobel Birkinshaw, J. W. S. Carter, Kate Howard, Joanne Ingham, Rosie Joy, Harriet Pearson, Samantha Roche, Zoë Scott, Ellen Knights, Alicia Price, Alice Thomas, Chris Thorpe, Azmerelda Abraheem, Peter Bamford, Kathryn Cawley, Charlie Dunmore, Maria Faulkner, Rumanah Girach, Helen Jeffrey, Rhianna Jones, Emily London, Imrun Nagra, Farah Nasir, Hannah Sainsbury, Clare Smedley, Reena Khade, Ashok Sundar, George Tsinaslanidis, Teresa Behan, Caroline Burnett, Jonathan Hatton, Elaine Heeney, Atideb Mitra, Maria Newton, Rachel E. Pollard, Rachael Stead, Jenny Birch, Laura Bough, Josie Goodsell, Rebecca Tutton, Patricia Williams, Sarah Williams, Barbara Winter-Goodwin, F. C. Auld, Joanne Donnachie, Ian Edmond, Lynn Prentice, Nikole Runciman, Dario Salutous, Lesley Symon, Anne Todd, Patricia Turner, Abigail Short, Laura Sweeney, Euan Murdoch, Dhaneesha Senaratne, Karen E. A. Burns, Andrew Higham, Taya Anderson, Daniel B. Hawcutt, Laura O’Malley, Laura Rad, Naomi Rogers, Paula Saunderson, Kathryn Allison, Deborah Afolabi, Jennifer Whitbread, Dawn Jones, Rachael Dore, Liana Lankester, Nikitas Nikitas, Colin Wells, Bethan Stowe, Kayleigh Spencer, Susanne Cathcart, Katharine Duffy, Alex Puxty, Kathryn Puxty, Lynne Turner, Jane Ireland, Gary Semple, Peter Barry, Paula Hilltout, Jayne Evitts, Amanda Tyler, Joanne Waldron, Val Irvine, Ben Shelley, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Alasdair Bamford, Emily Beech, Holly Belfield, Michael J. Bell, Charlene Davies, Gareth A. Jones, Tara McHugh, Hamza Meghari, Lauran O’Neill, Mark Peters, Samiran Ray, Ana Luisa Tomas, Amy Easthope, Claire Gorman, Abhinav Gupta, Elizabeth Timlick, Rebecca Brady, Stephen Bonner, Keith Hugill, Jessica Jones, Steven Liggett, Archana Bashyal, Neil Davidson, Paula Hutton, Stuart McKechnie, Jean Amos Wilson, Neil Flint, Patel Rekha, Dawn Hales, Carina Cruz, Natalie Pattison, Shameer Gopal, Nichola Harris, Victoria Lake, Stella Metherell, Elizabeth J. Radford, I Clement', Bijal Patel, Arvind Gulati, Carole Hays, Kimberly Webster, Anne Hudson, Andrea J. Webster, Elaine Stephenson, Louise McCormack, Victoria Slater, Rachel Nixon, Helen Hanson, Maggie Fearby, Sinéad Kelly, Victoria Bridgett, Philip Robinson, Christine Almaden-Boyle, Pauline Austin, Louise Cabrelli, Stephen Cole, Matt Casey, Susan Chapman, Clare Whyte, Adam Brayne, Emma Fisher, Jane Hunt, Peter K. Jackson, Duncan Kaye, Nicholas Love, Juliet Parkin, Victoria Tuckey, Lynne van Koutrik, Sasha Carter, Benedict Andrew, L. Findlay, Katie Adams, Michelle Bruce, Karen Connolly, Tracy Duncan, Helen Michael, Gabriella Lindergard, Samuel Hey, Claire Fox, Jordan Alfonso, Laura Jayne Durrans, Jacinta Guerin, Bethan Blackledge, Jade Harris, Martin Hruška, Ayaa Eltayeb, Thomas Lamb, Tracey Hodgkiss, Lisa Cooper, Joanne Rothwell, Catherine Dennis, Alastair McGregor, Victoria Parris, Sinduya Srikaran, Anisha Sukha, Kim Davies, Linda O’Brien, Zohra Omar, Igor Otahal, Emma Perkins, Tracy R. Lewis, Isobel Sutherland, Hollie Brooke, Sarah Buckley, Jose Cebrian Suarez, Ruth Charlesworth, Karen Hansson, John W. Norris, Alice Poole, Alastair Rose, Rajdeep Sandhu, Brendan Sloan, Elizabeth Smithson, Muthu Thirumaran, Veronica Wagstaff, Alexandra Metcalfe, Julie Camsooksai, Charlotte Humphrey, Sarah M. Jenkins, Henrik Reschreiter, Beverley Wadams, Yasmin DeAth, Colene Adams, Anita Agasou, Tracie Arden, Amy Bowes, Pauline Boyle, Mandy Beekes, Heather Button, Nigel Capps, Mandy Carnahan, Anne Carter, Danielle Childs, Denise Donaldson, Kelly Hard, F Hurford, Yasmin Hussain, Ayesha Javaid, James Jones, Sanal Jose, Michael Leigh, Terry Martin, Helen Millward, Nichola Motherwell, Rachel Rikunenko, Jo Stickley, Julie Summers, Louise Ting, Helen Tivenan, Louise Tonks, Rebecca Wilcox, Maria Bokhari, Vanessa Linnett, Rachael Lucas, W McCormick, Jenny Ritzema, Amanda Sanderson, Helen Wild, Nicola Baxter, Steven Henderson, Sophie Kennedy-Hay, Christopher McParland, Laura Rooney, Malcolm Sim, Gordan McCreath, Mark Brunton, Jess Caterson, Holly Coles, Matthew Frise, Sabi Gurung, Nicola Jacques, Liza Keating, Emma Tilney, Shauna Bartley, Parminder Bhuie, Charlotte Downes, Kathleen Holding, Katie Riches, Mary A. Hilton, Melanie Hayman, Deepak Subramanian, Priya Daniel, Letizia Zitter, Sarah Benyon, Suzie Marriott, Linda Park, Samantha Keenan, Elizabeth Gordón, Helen R. Quinn, Kizzy Baines, Gillian Andrew, J. Kenneth Baillie, Lucy Barclay, Marie Callaghan, Rachael Campbell, Sarah Clark, Dave Hope, Lucy Marshall, Corrienne McCulloch, Kate Briton, Jo Singleton, Sophie Birch, Andrew Higham, Kerry Simpson, Jayne Craig, Carrie Demetriou, Charlotte Eckbad, Sarah Hierons, Lucy Howie, Sarah Mitchard, Lidia Ramos, Alfredo Serrano-Ruiz, Katie White, F. M. Kelly, Vishal Amin, Elena Anastasescu, Vikram Anumakonda, Komala Karthik, Rizwana Kausar, Karen Reid, Jacqueline Smith, Janet Imeson-Wood, Arianna Bellini, Jade Bryant, Anton Mayer, Amy Pickard, Nicholas Roe, Jason Sowter, Alex Howlett, Kristine Criste, Rebecca Cusack, Kim Golder, Hannah Golding, Oliver Jones, Samantha Leggett, Michelle Male, Martyna Marani, Kirsty Prager, Toran Williams, Belinda Roberts, Karen Salmon, Prisca Gondo, Bernard Hadebe, Abdul Kayani, Bridgett Masunda, Ashar Ahmed, Anna Morris, Srinivas Jakkula, Kate Long, Simon Whiteley, Elizabeth Wilby, Bethan Ogg, Sam Moultrie, Miranda Odam, Jeremy Bewley, Zoe Garland, Lisa Grimmer, Bethany Gumbrill, Rebekah Johnson, Katie Sweet, Denise Webster, Georgia Efford, Sara E. Bennett, Emma C. Goodwin, Matthew P. Jackson, Alissa Kent, Clare Tibke, Wiesia Woodyatt, Ahmed Zaki, Amelia Daniel, Joanne Finn, Rajnish Saha, Nikki Staines, Amy Easthope, Pamela Bremmer, John Allan, Timothy G. Geary, J. Graeme Houston, A.W. Meikle, Peter C. O’Brien, Dina Bell, Rosalind Boyle, Katie M. Douglas, Lynn Glass, Emma Lee, Liz Lennon, Austin Rattray, Rob Charnock, Denise McFarland, Denise Cosgrove, Ben Attwood, Penny Parsons, Siobhain Carmody, Metod Oblak, Monica Popescu, Mini Thankachen, Rosie Baruah, Sheila Morris, Susie Ferguson, Amy Shepherd, Abdelhakim Altabaibeh, Ana Alvaro, Kayleigh Gilbert, Louise Ma, Loreta Mostoles, Chetan Parmar, Kathryn Simpson, Champa Jetha, Lauren Booker, Anezka Pratley, Tracey Cosier, Gemma Millen, Neil Richardson, Natasha Schumacher, Heather Weston, James Rand, Beatrice Alex, Benjamin Bach, William Barclay, Debby Bogaert, Meera Chand, G Cooke, Annemarie B Docherty, Jake Dunning, Ana da Silva Filipe, Tom Fletcher, Chris Green, Ewen M. Harrison, Julian A. Hiscox, Samreen Ijaz, Saye Khoo, Paul Klenerman, Wei Shen Lim, Alexander J. Mentzer, Laura Merson, Mahdad Noursadeghi, Shona C. Moore, Massimo Palmarini, William A. Paxton, Georgios Pollakis, Nicholas Price, Andrew Rambaut, David Robertson, Clark D. Russell, Vanessa Sancho‐Shimizu, J T Scott, Thushan I. de Silva, Louise Sigfrid, Tom Solomon, Shiranee Sriskandan, David I. Stuart, Richard S. Tedder, Emma C. Thomson, A. A. Roger Thompson, Ryan S. Thwaites, Lance Turtle, Rishi K Gupta, Carlo Palmieri, Olivia Swann, Maria Zambon, Marc‐Emmanuel Dumas, Julian L. Griffin, Zoltán Takáts, Kanta Chechi, Petros Andrikopoulos, Anthonia Osagie, Michael Olanipekun, Sonia Liggi, Matthew R. Lewis, Gonçalo dos Santos Correia, Caroline Sands, Panteleimon G. Takis, Lynn Maslen, William Greenhalf, Victoria Shaw, Sarah E. McDonald, Seán Keating, Katie A. Ahmed, J. A. Armstrong, Milton Ashworth, Innocent G. Asiimwe, Siddharth Bakshi, Samantha L Barlow, Laura Booth, Benjamin Brennan, Katie Bullock, Benjamin WA Catterall, Jordan J Clark, Emily A Clarke, Louise Cooper, Helen Cox, Christopher Davis, Oslem Dincarslan, Chris Dunn, Philip Dyer, Angela Elliott, Anthony Evans, Lorna Finch, Lewis WS Fisher, Terry Foster, Isabel García-Dorival, William Greenhalf, Philip Gunning, Catherine Hartley, Rebecca L. Jensen, Christopher B. Jones, Trevor R. Jones, Shadia Khandaker, Katharine King, Robyn T. Kiy, Chrysa Koukorava, Annette Lake, Suzannah Lant, Diane Latawiec, Lara Lavelle-Langham, Daniella Lefteri, Lauren Lett, Lucia A Livoti, Maria Vittoria Mancini, Sarah E. McDonald, Laurence McEvoy, John McLauchlan, Soeren Metelmann, Nahida S Miah, Joanna Middleton, Joyce Mitchell, Shona C. Moore, E. Gordon Murphy, Rebekah Penrice-Randal, Jack Pilgrim, Tessa Prince, Will Reynolds, Paul Ridley, Debby Sales, Victoria Shaw, Rebecca K. Shears, Benjamin Small, Krishanthi Subramaniam, Agnieska Szemiel, Aislynn Taggart, Jolanta Tanianis-Hughes, Jordan Thomas, Erwan Trochu, Libby van Tonder, Eve Wilcock, Eunice J. Zhang, Lisa Flaherty, Nicole Maziere, Emily Cass, Alejandra Doce Carracedo, Nicola Carlucci, Anthony Holmes, Hannah Massey, Lee Murphy, Nicola Wrobel, Sarah McCafferty, Kirstie Morrice, Alan Maclean, Admin team members, Ruth Armstrong, Ceilia Boz, Adam B. Brown, Richard E. Clark, Audrey Coutts, Louise Cullum, Nicky Day, Lorna Donnelly, Esther Duncan, Angie Fawkes, Paul Finernan, Tammy Gilchrist, Ailsa Golightly, Katarzyna Hafezi, Dawn Law, R. M. Law, Sarah Law, Louise MacGillivray, Alan Maclean, Hanning Mal, Sarah McCafferty, Ellie Mcmaster, Jen Meikle, Shona C. Moore, Kirstie Morrice, Lee Murphy, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Trevor Paterson, Andrew Stenhouse, Maaike Swets, Helen Szoor-McElhinney, Filip Taneski, Tony Wackett, Mairi Ward, Jane Weaver, Nicola Wrobel, J. Terrence Coyle, Bernadette Gallagher, Rebecca Lidstone-Scott, Debbie Hamilton, Katherine Schon, Anita Furlong, Heather Biggs, Fiona Griffiths, Eleanor Andrews, Kathy Brickell, Michelle Smyth, Lorna Murphy, Gail Carson, Hayley Hardwick, Chloe Donohue, COVID-19 HGI corresponding authors - Nature 2021 被引用: 1,127

Abstract The genetic make-up of an individual contributes to the susceptibility and response to viral infection. Although environmental, clinical and social factors have a role in the chance of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-19 1,2 , host genetics may also be important. Identifying host-specific genetic factors may reveal biological mechanisms of therapeutic relevance and clarify causal relationships of modifiable environmental risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes. We formed a global network of researchers to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Here we describe the results of three genome-wide association meta-analyses that consist of up to 49,562 patients with COVID-19 from 46 studies across 19 countries. We report 13 genome-wide significant loci that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe manifestations of COVID-19. Several of these loci correspond to previously documented associations to lung or autoimmune and inflammatory diseases 3–7 . They also represent potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection. Mendelian randomization analyses support a causal role for smoking and body-mass index for severe COVID-19 although not for type II diabetes. The identification of novel host genetic factors associated with COVID-19 was made possible by the community of human genetics researchers coming together to prioritize the sharing of data, results, resources and analytical frameworks. This working model of international collaboration underscores what is possible for future genetic discoveries in emerging pandemics, or indeed for any complex human disease.