Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1

Authors: Daniel J. Klionsky, Amal Kamal Abdel‐Aziz, Sara Abdelfatah, Mahmoud Abdellatif, Asghar Abdoli, Steffen Abel, Hagai Abeliovich, Marie H. Abildgaard, Yakubu Princely Abudu, Abraham Acevedo‐Arozena, Iannis E. Adamopoulos, Khosrow Adeli, Timon E. Adolph, Annagrazia Adornetto, Elma Aflaki, Galila Agam, Anupam Agarwal, Bharat B. Aggarwal, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Javed N. Agrewala, Alexander Agrotis, Patricia V. Aguilar, S. Tariq Ahmad, Zubair M. Ahmed, Ulises Ahumada-Castro, Sonja Aits, Shu Aizawa, Yunus Akkoç, Tonia Akoumianaki, Hafize Aysin Akpinar, Ahmed M. Al‐Abd, Lina Al-Akra, Abeer Gharaibeh, Moulay A. Alaoui‐Jamali, Simon Alberti, Elísabet Alcocer‐Gómez, Cristiano Alessandri, Muhammad Ali, Md. Abdul Alim Al‐Bari, Saeb Aliwaini, Javad Alizadeh, Eugènia Almacellas, Alexandru Almasan, Alicia Alonso, G. Alonso, Nihal Altan‐Bonnet, Dario C. Altieri, Élida Álvarez, Sara Alves, Cristine Alvès da Costa, Mazen M. Alzaharna, Marialaura Amadio, Consuelo Amantini, Cristina Amaral, Susanna Ambrosio, Amal O. Amer, Veena Ammanathan, Zhenyi An, Stig Uggerhøj Andersen, Shaida A. Andrabi, Magaiver Andrade-Silva, Allen M. Andres, Sabrina Angelini, David K. Ann, Uche C. Anozie, Mohammad Y. Ansari, Pedro Antas, Adam Antebi, Zuriñe Antón, Tahira Anwar, Lionel Apétoh, Nadezda Apostolova, Toshiyuki Araki, Yasuhiro Araki, Kohei Arasaki, Wagner L. Araújo, Jun Araya, Catherine Arden, María‐Ángeles Arévalo, Sandro Argüelles, Esperanza Arias, Jyothi Arikkath, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen Ariosa, Darius Armstrong‐James, Laetitia Pelloquin, Ángeles Aroca, Daniela S. Arroyo, Ivica Arsov, Rubén Artero, Dalia Maria Lucia Asaro, Michael Aschner, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Osnat Ashur‐Fabian, Atanas G. Atanasov, Alicia K. Au, Patrick Auberger, Holger W. Auner, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Yenniffer Ávalos, Sanja Aveic, Célia A. Aveleira, Tamar Avin‐Wittenberg, Yücel Aydın, Scott Ayton, Srinivas Ayyadevara, Maria Azzopardi, Misuzu Baba, Jonathan Backer, Steven K. Backues, Dong-Hun Bae, Ok‐Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H. Baehrecke, Ahruem Baek, Seung‐Hoon Baek, Sung Hee Baek, Giacinto Bagetta, Agnieszka Bagniewska‐Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xiyuan Bai, Yidong Bai, Nandadulal Bairagi, Shounak Baksi, Teresa Balbi, Cosima T. Baldari, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, María Ballester, Salma Balazadeh, Rena Balzan, Rina Bandopadhyay, Sreeparna Banerjee, Sulagna Banerjee, Ágnes Bánréti, Yan Bao, Maurı́cio S. Baptista, Alessandra Baracca, Cristiana Barbati, Ariadna Bargiela, Daniela Barilà, Peter G. Barlow, Sami J. Barmada, Esther Barreiro, George E. Barreto, Jiří Bártek, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Gaurav Barve, Suresh H. Basagoudanavar, Diane C. Bassham, Robert C. Bast, Alakananda Basu, Henri Batoko, Isabella Batten, E.E. Baulieu, Bradley L. Baumgarner, Jagadeesh Bayry, Rupert Beale, Isabelle Beau, Florian Beaumatin, Luiz Roberto Grassmann Bechara, George R. Beck, Michael F. Beers, Jakob Begun, Christian Behrends, Georg M. N. Behrens, Roberto Bei, Eloy Bejarano, Shai Bel, Christian Behl, Amine Belaïd, Naïma Belgareh‐Touzé, Cristina Bellarosa, Francesca Belleudi, Melissa Belló-Pérez, Raquel Bello‐Morales, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira Beltran, Sebastián Beltran, Doris M. Benbrook, Mykolas Bendorius, Bruno A. Benítez, Irene Benito‐Cuesta, Julien Bensalem, Martin W. Berchtold, Sabina Berezowska, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Andreas Bergmann, Laura Berliocchi, Clarisse Berlioz‐Torrent, Amélie Bernard, Lionel Berthoux, Cagri G. Besirli, Sébastien Besteiro, Virginie M.S. Betin, Rudi Beyaert, Jelena S. Bezbradica, Kiran Bhaskar, Ingrid Bhatia‐Kiššová, Resham Bhattacharya, Sujoy Bhattacharya, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Md. Shenuarin Bhuiyan, Sujit K. Bhutia, Lanrong Bi, Xiaolin Bi, Trevor J. Biden, Krikor Bijian, Viktor Billes, Nadine Binart, Cláudia Bincoletto, Åsa Birna Birgisdottir, Geir Bjørkøy, Gonzalo Blanco, Ana Blas‐García, Janusz Błasiak, Robert Blomgran, Klas Blomgren, Janice S. Blum, Emilio Boada-Romero, Mirta Boban, Kathleen Boesze‐Battaglia, Philippe Boeuf, Barry Boland, Pascale Bomont, Paolo Bonaldo, Srinivasa Reddy Bonam, Laura Bonfili, Juan S. Bonifacino, Brian A. Boone, Martin D. Bootman, Matteo Bordi, Christoph Borner, Beat Bornhäuser, Gautam Borthakur, Jürgen Bosch, Santanu Bose, Luís M. Botana, Juan Botas, Chantal M. Boulanger, Michael E. Boulton, Mathieu Bourdenx, Benjamin Bourgeois, Nollaig M. Bourke, Guilhem Bousquet, Patricia Boya, Peter V. Bozhkov, Luiz H. M. Bozi, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Doug E. Brackney, Christian Brandts, Ralf J. Braun, Gerhard H. Braus, Roberto Bravo, José Manuel Bravo‐San Pedro, Patrick Brest, Marie-Agnès Bringer, Alfredo Briones‐Herrera, V. Courtney Broaddus, Peter Brodersen, Jeffrey L. Brodsky, Steven L. Brody, Paola G. Bronson, Jeff M. Bronstein, Carolyn Nicole Brown, Rhoderick E. Brown, Patrı́cia C. Brum, John H. Brumell, Nicola Brunetti‐Pierri, Daniele Bruno, Robert J. Bryson‐Richardson, Cecilia Bucci, Carmen Buchrieser, Marta Bueno, Laura Elisa Buitrago‐Molina, Simone Buraschi, Shilpa Buch, J. Ross Buchan, Erin M. Buckingham, Hikmet Budak, Mauricio Budini, Geert Bultynck, Florin Burada, Joseph R. Burgoyne, María I. Burón, Victor Bustos, Sabrina Büttner, Elena Butturini, Aaron Byrd, Isabel Cabas, Sandra Cabrera, Ken Cadwell, Jingjing Cai, Lu Cai, Qian Cai, Montserrat Cairó, José A. L. Calbet, Guy A. Caldwell, Kim A. Caldwell, Jarrod A. Call, Riccardo Calvani, Ana Cristina Calvo, Miguel Calvo‐Rubio, Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara, Jacques Camonis, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Edward M. Campbell, François‐Xavier Campbell‐Valois, Silvia Campello, Ilaria Campesi, Juliane C. Campos, Olivier Camuzard, Jorge Cancino, Danilo Cândido de Almeida, Laura Canesi, Isabella Caniggia, Barbara Canonico, Carles Cantı́, Bin Cao, Michele Caraglia, B. Caramés, Evie H. Carchman, Elena Cardenal‐Muñoz, César Cárdenas, Luis Cárdenas, Sandra M. Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Georges F. Carle, Gillian Carleton, Silvia Carloni, Didac Carmona‐Gutiérrez, Letícia A. M. Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Julian M. Carosi, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Lucie Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, A. Brent Carter, Andreia Neves Carvalho, Magali Casanova, Caty Casas, Josefina Casas, Chiara Cassioli, Eliseo F. Castillo, Karen Castillo, Sonia Castillo‐Lluva, Francesca Castoldi, Marco Castori, Ariel F. Castro, Margarida Castro‐Caldas, Javier Castro‐Hernández, Susana Castro‐Obregón, Sergio Catz, Cláudia Cavadas, Federica Cavaliere, Gabriella Cavallini, Maria Cavinato, María L. Cayuela, Paula Cebollada Rica, Valentina Cecarini, Francesco Cecconi, Marzanna Cechowska‐Pasko, Simone Cenci, Victòria Ceperuelo‐Mallafré, João Cerqueira, Janete M. Cerutti, Davide Cervia, Vildan Bozok Çetintaş, Silvia Cetrullo, Han–Jung Chae, Andrei S. Chagin, Chee‐Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Oishee Chakrabarti, Tapas Chakraborty, Trinad Chakraborty, Mounia Chami, Georgios Chamilos, David W. Chan, Edmond Y. W. Chan, Edward D. Chan, Ho Yin Edwin Chan, Helen H. Chan, Hung Chan, Matthew T.V. Chan, Yau Sang Chan, Partha K. Chandra, Chih‐Peng Chang, Chunmei Chang, Hao‐Chun Chang, Kai Chang, Jie Chao, Tracey Chapman, Nicolas Charlet‐Berguerand, Samrat Chatterjee, Shail K. Chaube, Anu Chaudhary, Santosh Chauhan, Edward Chaum, Frédéric Checler, Michael E. Cheetham, Chang‐Shi Chen, Guang‐Chao Chen, Jian‐Fu Chen, Liam L. Chen, Leilei Chen, Lin Chen, Mingliang Chen, Mu‐Kuan Chen, Ning Chen, Quan Chen, Ruey‐Hwa Chen, Shi Chen, Wei Chen, Wei‐Qiang Chen, Xinming Chen, Xiongwen Chen, Xu Chen, Yan Chen, Ye‐Guang Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongqiang Chen, Yu-Jen Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhefan Stephen Chen, Zhi Chen, Zhihua Chen, Zhijian J. Chen, Zhixiang Chen, Hanhua Cheng, Jun Cheng, Shi‐Yuan Cheng, Wei Cheng, Xiaodong Cheng, Xiu‐Tang Cheng, Yiyun Cheng, Zhiyong Cheng, Zhong Chen, Heesun Cheong, Jit Kong Cheong, Boris V. Chernyak, Sara Cherry, Chi F. Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, King‐Ho Cheung, Éric Chevet, Richard J. Chi, Aks Chiang, Ferdinando Chiaradonna, Roberto Chiarelli, M Chiariello, Nathalia Chica, Susanna Chiocca, Mario Chiong, Shih‐Hwa Chiou, Abhilash I. Chiramel, Valerio Chiurchiù, Dong-Hyung Cho, Seong‐Kyu Choe, Augustine M.K. Choi, Mary E. Choi, Kamalika Roy Choudhury, Norman Chow, Charleen T. Chu, Jason P. Chua, John Jia En Chua, Hyewon Chung, Kin Pan Chung, Seockhoon Chung, So‐Hyang Chung, Yuen-Li Chung, Valentina Cianfanelli, Iwona A. Ciechomska, Mariana Cifuentes, Laura Cinque, Sebahattin Çırak, Mara Cirone, Michael J. Clague, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Eliana M. Coccia, Patrice Codogno, Ehud Cohen, Mickaël M. Cohen, Tania Colasanti, Fiorella Colasuonno, Robert A. Colbert, Anna Colell, Miodrag Čolić, Núria S. Coll, Mark O. Collins, Marı́a I. Colombo, Daniel A. Colón‐Ramos, Lydie Combaret, Sergio Comincini, Márcia R. Cominetti, Antonella Consiglio, A. Conte, Fabrizio Conti, Viorica Raluca Contu, Mark Cookson, Kevin M. Coombs, Isabelle Coppens, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Dale Corkery, Nils Cordes, Katia Cortese, Maria do Carmo Costa, Sarah Costantino, Paola Costelli, Ana Coto‐Montes, Peter J. Crack, José L. Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, V. Crippa, Riccardo Cristofani, Tamás Csizmadia, Antonio Cuadrado, Bing Cui, Jun Cui, Yixian Cui, Yong Cui, Emmanuel Culetto, Andrea C. Cumino, Andrey V. Cybulsky, Mark J. Czaja, Stanisław J. Czuczwar, Stefania D’Adamo, Marcello D’Amelio, Daniela D’Arcangelo, Andrew C. D’Lugos, Gabriella D’Orazi, James Almada da Silva, Hormos Salimi Dafsari, Ruben K. Dagda, Yasin Dagdas, Maria Daglia, Xiaoxia Dai, Yun Dai, Yuyuan Dai, Jessica Dal Col, Paul Dalhaimer, Luisa Dalla Valle, Tobias Dallenga, Guillaume Dalmasso, Markus Daμμe, Ilaria Dando, Nico P. Dantuma, April L. Darling, Hiranmoy Das, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Santosh K. Dasari, Srikanta Dash, Oliver Daumke, Adrian N. Dauphinee, Jeffrey S. Davies, Valeria A. Dávila, Roger J. Davis, Tanja Davis, Sharadha Dayalan Naidu, Francesca De Amicis, Karolien De Bosscher, Francesca De Felice, Lucia De Franceschi, Chiara De Leonibus, Mayara Garcia de Mattos Barbosa, Guido R.Y. De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Cosimo De Nunzio, Clara De Palma, Mauro De Santi, Claudio De Virgilio, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Brian J. DeBosch, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Mark Deehan, Gianluca Deflorian, James DeGregori, Benjamin Dehay, Gabriel del Rio, Joe R. Delaney, Lea M.D. Delbridge, Elizabeth Delorme‐Axford, M. Victoria Delpino, Francesca Demarchi, Vilma Dembitz, Nicholas D. Demers, Hongbin Deng, Zhiqiang Deng, Jörn Dengjel, Paul Dent, Donna Denton, Melvin L. DePamphilis, Channing J. Der, Vojo Deretić, Albert Descoteaux, Laura Devis, Sushil Devkota, Olivier Devuyst, Grant Dewson, Mahendiran Dharmasivam, Rohan Dhiman, Diego di Bernardo, Manlio Di Cristina, Fabio Di Domenico, Pietro Di Fazio, Alessio Di Fonzo, Giovanni Di Guardo, Gianni M. Di Guglielmo, Luca Di Leo, Chiara Di Malta, Alessia Di Nardo, Martina Di Rienzo, Federica Di Sano, George Diallinas, Jiajie Diao, Guillermo Diaz-Araya, Inés Díaz‐Laviada, Jared M. Dickinson, Marc Diederich, Mélanie Dieudé, Ivan Đikić, Shiping Ding, Wen-Xing Ding, Luciana Dini, Jelena Dinić, Miroslav Dinić, Albena T. Dinkova‐Kostova, Marc Dionne, Jörg H. W. Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Ian Dixon, Mojgan Djavaheri‐Mergny, Ina Dobrinski, Oxana Dobrovinskaya, Radek Dobrowolski, Renwick C. J. Dobson, Jelena Đokić, Serap Emre, Massimo Donadelli, Bo Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zhiwu Dong, Gerald W. Dorn, Volker Dötsch, Huan Dou, Juan Dou, Moataz Dowaidar, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Ailian Du, Caigan Du, Guangwei Du, Hai‐Ning Du, Li‐Lin Du, André du Toit, Shao-Bin Duan, Xiaoqiong Duan, Sónia Duarte, Anna Dubrovska, Elaine A. Dunlop, Nicolas Dupont, Raúl V. Durán, Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, Sergey A. Dyshlovoy, Darius Ebrahimi‐Fakhari, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L. Edelstein, Thomas Efferth, Eftekhar Eftekharpour, Ludwig Eichinger, Nabil Eid, Tobias Eisenberg, N. Tony Eissa, Sanaa Eissa, Miriam Ejarque, Abdeljabar El Andaloussi, Nazira El‐Hage, Shahenda El‐Naggar, Anna Maria Eleuteri, Eman S. El‐Shafey, Mohamed Elgendy, Aristides G. Eliopoulos, María Mercedes Elizalde, Philip M. Elks, Hans‐Peter Elsässer, Eslam S. Elsherbiny, Brooke M. Emerling, N. C. Tolga Emre, Christina H. Eng, Nikolai Engedal, Anna‐Mart Engelbrecht, Agnete S. T. Engelsen, Jorrit M. Enserink, Ricardo Escalante, Audrey Esclatine, Mafalda Escobar‐Henriques, Eeva‐Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Makandjou-Ola Eusebio, Gemma Fabriàs, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Francesco Facchiano, Bengt Fadeel, Claudio M. Fader, Alex C. Faesen, W. Douglas Fairlie, Alberto Falcó, Björn Falkenburger, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Yanbo Fan, Evandro Fei Fang, Yanshan Fang, Yognqi Fang, Manolis Fanto, Tamar Farfel‐Becker, Mathias Faure, Gholamreza Fazeli, Anthony O. Fedele, Arthur M. Feldman, Du Feng, Jiachun Feng, Lifeng Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Wei Feng, Thaís Fenz Araujo, Thomas A. Ferguson, Álvaro F. Fernández, José C. Fernández‐Checa, Sonia Fernández‐Veledo, Alisdair R. Fernie, Anthony W. Ferrante, Alessandra Ferraresi, M Ferrari, Julio Cesar Batista Ferreira, Susan Ferro‐Novick, António Figueras, Riccardo Filadi, Nicoletta Filigheddu, Eduardo Cremonese Filippi‐Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian María Fimia, Vittorio Fineschi, Francesca Finetti, Steven Finkbeiner, Edward A. Fisher, Paul B. Fisher, Flavio Flamigni, Steven J. Fliesler, Trude Helen Flo, Ida Florance, Oliver Florey, Tullio Florio, Erika Fodor, Carlo Follo, Edward A. Fon, Antonella Forlino, Francesco Fornai, Paola Fortini, Anna Fracassi, Alessandro Fraldi, Brunella Franco, Rodrigo Franco, Flavia Franconi, Lisa B. Frankel, Scott L. Friedman, Leopold F. Fröhlich, Gema Frühbeck, José M. Fuentes, Yukio Fujiki, Naonobu Fujita, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Luc Furic, Norihiko Furuya, Carmela Fusco, Michaela U. Gack, Lidia Gaffke, Sehamuddin Galadari, Alessia Galasso, Marı́a F. Galindo, Sachith Gallolu Kankanamalage, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Boyi Gan, Ian G. Ganley, Feng Gao, Hui Gao, Minghui Gao, Ping Gao, Shou‐Jiang Gao, Wentao Gao, Xiaobo Gao, Ana Garcerá, María Noé Garcia, Verónica García, Francisco Garcı́a-del Portillo, Vega García‐Escudero, Aracely García‐García, Marina García‐Macía, Diana García‐Moreno, Carmen García‐Ruiz, Patricia García‐Sanz, Abhishek D. Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Tina Garofalo, Robert F. Garry, Nils C. Gassen, Damián Gatica, Liang Ge, Wanzhong Ge, Ruth Geiss‐Friedlander, Cecilia Gelfi, Pascal Genschik, Ian E. Gentle, Valeria Gerbino, Christoph Gerhardt, Kyla Germain, Marc Germain, David A. Gewirtz, Elham Ghasemipour Afshar, Saeid Ghavami, Alessandra Ghigo, Manosij Ghosh, Georgios Giamas, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Gary E. Gibson, Spencer B. Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Edward Giniger, Carlotta Giorgi, Henrique Girão, Stephen E. Girardin, Mridhula Giridharan, Sandy Giuliano, Cecilia Giulivi, Sylvie Giuriato, Julien Giustiniani, Alexander Gluschko, Veit Goder, Alexander Goginashvili, Jakub Gołąb, David C. Goldstone, Anna Golebiewska, Luciana Rodrigues Gomes, Rodrigo Enrique Gomez, Rubén Gómez‐Sánchez, Maria Catalina Gomez‐Puerto, Raquel Gómez‐Sintes, Qingqiu Gong, Félix M. Goñi, Javier González‐Gallego, Tomás González‐Hernández, Rosa A. González‐Polo, José A. González‐Reyes, Patricia González-Rodríguez, Ing Swie Goping, Marina S. Gorbatyuk, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Kıvanç Görgülü, Roxana Mayra Gorojod, Sharon M. Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Illana Gozes, Devrim Gözüaçık, Martin Graef, Markus H. Gräler, Veronica Granatiero, Daniel Grasso, Joshua P. Gray, Douglas R. Green, Alexander Greenhough, Stephen L. Gregory, Edward F. Griffin, Mark W. Grinstaff, Frédéric Gros, Charles Grose, Angelina S. Gross, Флориан Грубер, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Xueyan Gu, Jun‐Lin Guan, Carlos M. Guardia, Kishore Guda, Flora Guerra, Consuelo Guerri, Prasun Guha, Carlos Guillén, Shashi Gujar, Anna S. Gukovskaya, Ilya Gukovsky, Jan Gunst, Andreas Günther, Anyonya R. Guntur, Chuanyong Guo, Chun Guo, Hongqing Guo, Lian‐Wang Guo, Ming Guo, Pawan Gupta, Shashi Kumar Gupta, Swapnil Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Gupta, Åsa B. Gustafsson, David D. Gutterman, Ranjitha H.B., Annakaisa Haapasalo, James E. Haber, Aleksandra Hać, Shinji Hadano, Anders Hafrén, Mansour Haidar, Belinda S. Hall, Gunnel Halldén, Anne Hamacher‐Brady, Andréa Hamann, Maho Hamasaki, Weidong Han, Malene Hansen, Phyllis I. Hanson, Zijian Hao, Masaru Harada, Ljubica Harhaji‐Trajkovic, Nirmala Hariharan, Nigil Haroon, James Harris, Takafumi Hasegawa, Noor Hasima Nagoor, Jeffrey A. Haspel, Volker Haucke, Wayne D. Hawkins, Bruce A. Hay, Cole M. Haynes, Soren Hayrabedyan, Thomas S. Hays, Congcong He, Qin He, Rong‐Rong He, You‐Wen He, Yu‐Ying He, Yasser Heakal, Alexander Martin Heberle, J. Fielding Hejtmancik, G. Vignir Helgason, Vanessa Henkel, Marc Herb, Alexander Hergovich, Anna Herman-Antosiewicz, Agustín Hernández, Carlos Hernández, Sergio Hernández-Díaz, Virginia Hernández–Gea, Amaury Herpin, Judit Herreros, Javier H. Hervás, Daniel Hesselson, Claudio Hetz, Volker T. Heussler, Yujiro Higuchi, Sabine Hilfiker, Joseph A. Hill, William S. Hlavacek, Emmanuel A. Ho, Idy H. T. Ho, Philip Wing‐Lok Ho, Shu‐Leong Ho, Wan Yun Ho, G. Aaron Hobbs, Mark Hochstrasser, Peter Hoet, Daniel Hofius, Paul Hofman, Annika Höhn, Carina I. Holmberg, José R. Hombrebueno, Yi-Ren Hong Chang-Won Hong, Lora V. Hooper, Thorsten Hoppe, Rastislav Horos, Yujin Hoshida, I‐Lun Hsin, Hsin‐Yun Hsu, Bing Hu, Dong Hu, Li‐Fang Hu, Ming Chang Hu, Ronggui Hu, Wei Hu, Yu‐Chen Hu, Zhuowei Hu, Fang Hua, Na Li, Yingqi Hua, Chongmin Huan, Canhua Huang, Chuanshu Huang, Chuanxin Huang, Chunling Huang, Haishan Huang, Kun Huang, Michael Huang, Rui Huang, Shan Huang, Tianzhi Huang, Xing Huang, Yuxiang Huang, Tobias B. Huber, Virginie Hubert, Christian A. Hübner, Stephanie M. Hughes, William E. Hughes, Magali Humbert, Gerhard Hummer, James H. Hurley, Sabah N. A. Hussain, Salik Hussain, Patrick J. Hussey, Martina Hutabarat, Hui-Yun Hwang, Seungmin Hwang, Antonio Ieni, Fumiyo Ikeda, Yusuke Imagawa, Yuzuru Imai, Carol Imbriano, Masaya Imoto, Denise M. Inman, Ken Inoki, Juan Iovanna, Renato V. Iozzo, Giuseppe Ippolito, Javier E. Irazoqui, Pablo Iribarren, Mohd Ishaq, Makoto Ishikawa, Nestor Ishimwe, Ciro Isidoro, Nahed Ismail, Shohreh Issazadeh‐Navikas, Eisuke Itakura, Daisuke Ito, Davor Ivankovic, Saška Ivanova, Anand Krishnan V. Iyer, José M. Izquierdo, Masanori Izumi, Marja Jäättelä, Majid S. Jabir, William T. Jackson, Nadia Jacobo‐Herrera, Anne‐Claire Jacomin, Élise Jacquin, Pooja Jadiya, Hartmut Jaeschke, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Arjen J. Jakobi, Johan Jakobsson, Bassam Janji, Pidder Jansen‐Dürr, Patric J. Jansson, Jonathan Jantsch, Sławomir Januszewski, Alagie Jassey, Steve Jean, Hélène Jeltsch‐David, Pavla Jendelová, Andreas Jenny, Thomas E. Jensen, Niels Jessen, Jenna L. Jewell, Jing Ji, Lijun Jia, Rui Jia, Liwen Jiang, Qing Jiang, Richeng Jiang, Teng Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Yu Jiang, María Jiménez-Sánchez, Eun‐Jung Jin, Fengyan Jin, Hongchuan Jin, Li Jin, Luqi Jin, Meiyan Jin, Si Jin, Eun‐Kyeong Jo, Carine Joffre, Terje Johansen, Gail V.W. Johnson, Simon A. Johnston, Eija Jokitalo, Mohit Kumar Jolly, Leo A. B. Joosten, Joaquı́n Jordán, Bertrand Joseph, Dianwen Ju, Jeong-Sun Ju, Jingfang Ju, Esmeralda Juárez, Delphine Judith, Gábor Juhász, Youngsoo Jun, Chang Hwa Jung, Sung‐Chul Jung, Yong‐Keun Jung, Heinz Jungbluth, Johannes Jungverdorben, Steffen Just, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Daniel Kaganovich, Alon Kahana, Renate Kain, Shingo Kajimura, Maria Kalamvoki, Manjula Kalia, Danuta S. Kalinowski, Nina Kaludercic, Ioanna Kalvari, Joanna Kamińska, Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy, Hiromitsu Kanamori, Keizo Kanasaki, Chanhee Kang, Rui Kang, Sang Sun Kang, Senthilvelrajan Kaniyappan, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala‐Devi Kanneganti, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Arthi Kanthasamy, Marc Kantorow, Orsolya Kapuy, Michalis V. Karamouzis, Md. Razaul Karim, Parimal Karmakar, Rajesh Katare, Masaru Kato, Stefan H. E. Kaufmann, Anu Kauppinen, Gur P. Kaushal, Susmita Kaushik, Kiyoshi Kawasaki, Kemal Kazan, Po‐Yuan Ke, Damien J. Keating, Ursula Keber, John H. Kehrl, Kate E. Keller, Christian W. Keller, Jongsook Kim Kemper, Candia M. Kenific, Oliver Kepp, Stéphanie Kermorgant, Andreas Kern, Robin Ketteler, Tom G. Keulers, Boris Khalfin, Hany Khalil, Bilon Khambu, Shahid Y. Khan, Vinoth Kumar Megraj Khandelwal, Rekha Khandia, Widuri Kho, Noopur V. Khobrekar, Sataree Khuansuwan, Mukhran Khundadze, Samuel A. Killackey, Dasol Kim, Deok Ryong Kim, Do‐Hyung Kim, Dong‐Eun Kim, Eun Young Kim, Eun‐Kyoung Kim, Hak-Rim Kim, Hee-Sik Kim, Hyung-Ryong Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Kyung Kim, Jin‐Hoi Kim, Joungmok Kim, Ju Hwan Kim, Keun Il Kim, Peter K. Kim, Seong‐Jun Kim, Scot R. Kimball, Adi Kimchi, Alec Kimmelman, Tomonori Kimura, Matthew King, Kerri J. Kinghorn, Conan G. Kinsey, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, С. Л. Киселев, Shuji Kishi, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Yasushi Kitaoka, Kaio Kitazato, Richard N. Kitsis, Josef T. Kittler, Ole Kjærulff, Peter S. Klein, Thomas Klopstock, Jochen Klucken, Helene Knævelsrud, Roland L. Knorr, Ben C.B. Ko, Fred Ko, Jiunn‐Liang Ko, Hotaka Kobayashi, Satoru Kobayashi, Ina Koch, Jan Christoph Koch, Ulrich Koenig, Donat Kögel, Young Ho Koh, Masato Koike, Sepp D. Kohlwein, Nur Mehpare Kocatürk, Masaaki Komatsu, Jeannette König, Toru Kono, Benjamin T. Kopp, Tamás Korcsmáros, Gözde Korkmaz, Viktor I. 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autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.